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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Impacts of active transport on health : with a focus on physical activity, air pollution, and cardiovascular disease</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are increasing number of health impact assessment studies investigating the health effects by transferring trips made by motorised transport to active commuting; however, air pollution exposure during active commuting and its impact on health has been less thoroughly assessed. It is furthermore uncertain whether there is any interaction effect between air pollution and physical activity for the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The overall aim of the thesis was to improve the knowledge base for assessments of the total impact on health of a mode shift resulting in both increased physical activity and increased air pollution exposure, especially regarding combined effects on cardiovascular risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 14:50:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894985</guid>
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      <title>Exposure to air pollution from road traffic and cardiovascular disease with a focus on exposure modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air pollution is an important environmental health factor contributing to the burden of disease. From a public health point of view cardiovascular effects of long-term exposure are predominant, primarily coronary events and stroke. However, sub-types of disease have not been well investigated and few studies have been conducted in areas with lower air pollution levels. The role of timing of exposure is also unclear. In epidemiological studies different types of models are used to estimate exposure of study participants. It is therefore important to understand if modeled levels are similar for different model types. Furthermore, there is a need to develop better modeling techniques, and it has been proposed to combine models into so called hybrid models. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the relation between individual long-term air pollution exposure from road traffic and the risk of coronary events and stroke in an area with comparatively low exposure levels, while considering timing of exposure. Furthermore a comparison of dispersion modeling (DM) and land use regression (LUR) was done in several study areas and a hybrid model based on DM and LUR was developed for Stockholm. From four cohorts in Stockholm County, 20070 individuals were followed for an average of 12 years. Information on covariates was available from questionnaires and interviews from the time of recruitment. Air pollution exposure from traffic was assessed at residential addresses during follow-up using dispersion modeled levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx), as a marker of exhaust emissions, and particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 ?m (PM10), as a marker of road dust.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:17:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463157</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Flying personnel: cancer, acute myocardial infarction and mortality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flying personnel are exposed to several factors in the work environment that can potentially increase their cancer incidence, mortality and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence. The aim of this licentiate thesis is to study cancer incidence among Swedish cabin crew in relation to exposures in the work environment and to study mortality and AMI incidence in Swedish airline and military flying personnel. Methods: Cancer incidence among cabin crew at the Swedish Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) was determined from the Swedish National Cancer Register. Their cancer incidence was compared with that of the general Swedish population by comparing observed and expected number of cases. To study exposure of total flight hours and exposure to "high altitude, long distance" flights a nested case-control study was performed, including cancer cases diagnosed after 1979 and four controls per case. A cohort of flying personnel employed at the Swedish part of SAS or the Swedish Air Force was followed regarding mortality and AMI incidence using national registers of hospital discharges and deaths. The observed mortality and AMI incidence was compared with the expected rate in the Swedish population.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:14:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaction of genetic susceptibility and traffic-related air pollution in cardiovascular disease</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis aimed at investigating gene-environment interaction in cardiovascular disease. A study population of 618 coronary heart disease cases (of which 192 first-time acute myocardial infarction patients) and 3614 randomly selected population controls was genotyped for genetic variants in genes coding for nitric oxide synthase and glutathione s-transferase. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution was assessed using modeled mean annual concentrations of nitric dioxide as a marker for long-term exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2015 11:23:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road traffic noise: factors modifying its relation to annoyance and cardiovascular disease</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic noise causes annoyance and sleep disturbance and has been linked with several other adverse effects on life quality and health, including increased risk of hypertension and myocardial infarction. Conservative estimates assume that at least one million healthy life years are lost every year from traffic related noise in the western part of Europe. We know from earlier studies that the adverse effects of environmental noise may be modified by social, demographic and individual factors. However, there is a need to better evaluate exposure-response in susceptible groups. The aim of this thesis was to test a number of factors hypothesised to modify the association between road traffic noise, annoyance and cardiovascular disease. Paper I-III are cross-sectional, while paper IV is a cohort study. The four different study populations in this thesis were selected through stratified random sampling of men and women aged 18-80 years old in the county of Skåne and its major city Malmö in southern Sweden. Exposures of road traffic and railway noise as well as air pollution were modelled using geographic information system (GIS) for the survey participants’ residential addresses. Possible confounding and modifying factors were mainly drawn from survey responses while outcomes were based on both self-reporting and inpatient registers. We were not able to show a relation between current and medium-term noise exposure to road traffic noise and incident myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease in the general population. Air-pollution at low levels did not modify this effect. An association was however found between road traffic noise and hypertension in a cross-sectional study >60dB(A). We also found strong and positive relations between road traffic noise and annoyance. Railway noise was found to be less annoying at intermediate levels, but not >55dB(A). Access to quiet side had a protective effect and decreased the risk of annoyance, sleep and concentration problems equal to a 5dB(A) decrease in noise exposure. Generally middle-aged persons were found to be more susceptible to noise. Higher socioeconomic status and educational level were related to noise annoyance. With regard to sex, findings were less consistent. We also found that results in our studies might be biased due to selective participation, that noise sensitive individuals were likely to have a higher response rate and that inter-study comparison may be difficult since different annoyance scales can produce very different results. In conclusion, the health effects of noise are modified by noise source, co-exposures, environmental and socio-demographic factors (as well as personal traits) and research methodology. To develop better policies for residential noise environment, future research should focus on combined exposures and stressors as well as further explaining age differences and developing better ways to account for social class.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2015 11:20:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of long-term traffic noise exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic noise is an increasingly common environmental exposure affecting large parts of the European population. Since the auditory system is directly linked to the sympathetic nervous and the endocrine systems, noise may induce a stress response, influencing several physiological, metabolic and immunological processes. Previous epidemiological studies suggest harmful effects of traffic noise on the cardiovascular system; however, the overall picture is inconclusive. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the long-term effects of traffic noise on cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. A secondary aim was to apply and evaluate digital noise maps produced in Sweden in accordance with the European Environmental Noise Directive (END) for assessments of residential traffic noise exposure. The long-term effects of aircraft noise on hypertension, obesity and Type 2 diabetes were investigated using questionnaire and clinical data from a cohort within the Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Program. Aircraft noise exposure was assessed by Geographic Information Systems and based on the participants’ residential history. After exclusion of subjects who used tobacco prior to the clinical examinations, the risk of hypertension related to aircraft noise exposure was increased in males (RR per 5 dB(A) Lden 1.21; 95% CI 1.05-1.39) but not in females (RR 0.97; 0.83-1.13). Stronger associations were seen among noise annoyed (RR 1.42; 1.11-1.82). Regardless of sex, long-term exposure to aircraft noise also showed statistically significant associations with waist circumference: 0.62 cm (0.54-0.70) per 1 dB(A) Lden. Also, females exposed at ?50 dB(A) Lden had a twofold increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, although adjustments for contextual confounding reduced the estimates. A sub-population of the National Environmental Health Survey 2007 (NEHS07) was used to evaluate the Swedish END maps of road traffic and railway noise. The observed proportion of annoyed subjects was plotted as a function of noise exposure and compared to already established exposure-response functions. Generally, there was a good agreement between observed and predicted proportions of annoyed, suggesting that the noise maps are useful for assessments of residential traffic noise exposure. The best agreement was found when the noise estimates derived from the maps were adjusted for how the dwellings were located within the buildings. Cross-sectional analyses were performed based on the NEHS07 of associations between neighborhood traffic load, Lden levels of road traffic and railway noise, respectively, and prevalence of self-reported hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Neither traffic load nor road traffic noise was associated with the cardiovascular outcomes; however, there was a borderline significant association between railway noise and cardiovascular disease. Methodological limitations make these results difficult to interpret. In conclusion, our findings suggest adverse effects of long-term traffic noise exposure on cardiovascular as well as metabolic outcomes. Thus, traffic noise may have detrimental public health effects and research in this area should be prioritized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2015 11:19:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Different health effects of particulate pollution from different sources: TRAPART 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1215574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The size and composition of PM vary with source, and the health effects from PM10 have been reported to depend on these properties. Usually fine combustion related particles are judged to be more toxic, and crustal and coarse particles to be less harmful. In Swedish cities the coarse fraction comes to a great deal from road dust in spring and winter. The regional background is mainly from long distance transported PM, originating from combustion processes and thus has a large proportion of secondary particles and soot. We have studied the effect of daily concentrations of regional PM10, urban background road dust PM10 and motor vehicle exhaust indicated by NOx. We have studied morbidity in terms of daily number of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions and deaths in Greater Stockholm. The association between the mean of lag 0-1 (same day and yesterday) pollution concentration and daily number of cases was evaluated using Poisson regression (software R) with adjustments for meteorology, calendar variables, influenza and time trends. Cardiovascular hospital admissions were significantly associated with NOx (vehicle exhaust), regional background PM10 and ozone, but not with PM10 from road dust. For road dust we found a significant association with respiratory hospital admissions. The respiratory admissions were not associated with NOx, but with regional background PM10 and ozone. For daily mortality there were no significant association observed. Primary and secondary particles from combustions sources do not seem to show the same relations to health as road dust dominated by crustal particles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Oct 2012 13:17:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1215574</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Traffic noise and cardiovascular disease</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1215532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic noise is an increasing problem in urban areas worldwide, but health effects in relation to traffic noise exposure are not well understood. Several studies show that noise may give rise to acute stress reactions, possibly leading to cardiovascular effects, but the evidence is limited on cardiovascular risks associated with traffic noise exposure. Cardiovascular effects have been indicated for other environmental stressors such as occupational noise exposure and job strain. However, interactions between these factors in relation to cardiovascular disease have not been investigated. Furthermore, studies regarding interactions between air pollution and noise from road traffic in relation to cardiovascular disease are lacking. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the association between traffic noise exposure and cardiovascular disease, including interactions with other factors. The thesis is based on one case-control study and one cross-sectional study. The population based case-control study on risk factors in relation to first time myocardial infarction was conducted 1992-1994 in Stockholm County. The participants answered a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination. Exposure assessments were made of residential road traffic noise exposure, occupational noise exposure and air pollution between 1970 and 1992-94. Job strain was defined based on questionnaire data regarding the last employment. An increased risk of myocardial infarction was suggested in participants exposed to road traffic noise at the residence. The risk appeared particularly high among participants exposed to a combination of road traffic noise, occupational noise and job strain (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.41 3.64). The association between road traffic noise and myocardial infarction did not seem to be affected by air pollution. The cross-sectional study was carried out in six European countries. All participants were interviewed at home and blood pressure measurements were made by a field nurse. An association was found between night-time aircraft noise exposure and hypertension. In a subgroup of study participants cortisol was assessed through saliva samples as an indicator of stress. We observed an elevation in morning saliva cortisol level among women exposed to high levels of aircraft noise at the residence of 34%, corresponding to 6.07 nmol/L (95% CI 2.32-9.81). No clear association was seen in men. It may be concluded that long-term traffic noise exposure at the residence seems to give rise to cardiovascular effects. Our results support the hypothesis that exposure to a combination of noise and job strain increases the risk of myocardial infarction substantially. In addition, our results suggest that exposure to aircraft noise increases the risk of hypertension, as well as morning saliva cortisol levels in women, which may be of relevance for noise-related cardiovascular effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Oct 2012 13:16:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1215532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIENCES REGARDING THE JUDGMENT OF DRIVING APTITUDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REGULATION (OF 27.10.76) EXISTS IN SWITZERLAND COVERING THE APPROVAL OF  PERSONS FOR DRIVING WHICH CAN BE USED AS A BASIS FOR ASSESSING DRIVING APTITUDE.  AT THE LEGAL-MEDICAL INSTITUTE OF ZURICH UNIVERSITY REPORTS SINCE 1963 ON MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS HAVE BEEN LISTED AND STATISTICALLY AND EXPERIMENTALLY ANALYSED.  THE AUTHOR REPORTS ON THE FINDINGS OF TESTS CARRIED OUT ON THE DRIVERS INVESTIGATED (BREACHES OF LAW AND ROAD ACCIDENTS).  SOME HAVE EPILEPSY AND HEART ILLNESS AND THERE ARE DRIVERS WITH IMPAIRED EYESIGHT (COLOUR BLINDNESS, LIMITED OR CONSIDERABLY INCREASED STEREOSCOPIC SIGHT, BLINDNESS IN ONE EYE) AND THOSE WITH IMPAIRED  HEARING (DEAFNESS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 08:41:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUDDEN DEATH ON THE ROAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057762</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IN ROAD TRAFFIC RESEARCH SUDDEN DEATHS, DUE TO THEIR LOW FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE, PLAY A SECONDARY ROLE.  STATISTICS HOWEVER, CONTAIN A FACTOR OF UNCERTAINTY WHICH CANNOT BE ACCURATELY ESTIMATED.  VALUES TAKEN FROM POST-MORTEM STATISTICS FOR WEST BERLIN ARE COMPARED WITH THREE FROM THE LITERATURE.  HEART AND CIRCULATION ILLNESSES ARE THOSE WHICH CAUSE THE MOST FATAL ACCIDENTS ON THE ROAD.  MEN BETWEEN 50 AND 70 YEARS ARE THOSE MOSTLY AFFECTED.  IN ALMOST 50 PERCENT OF THE CASES THE DRIVER MANAGED TO STOP THE VEHICLE. TO INVESTIGATE THE PROBLEM COMPREHENSIBLY, FATAL CASES WOULD NEED TO  BE STUDIED BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE JOURNEY. ILLNESSES WHICH TEMPORARILY CAUSE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS PRESENT A PARTICULAR PROBLEM DIAGNOSTICALLY.  IN SUCH CASES TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SUDDEN DEATH AND DEATH FROM INJURIES RECEIVED IN THE ACCIDENT CAN BE DIFFICULT, AS IS THE DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND PRESCRIBED DRUGS AS AN ACCIDENT CAUSE.  SPECIAL PROBLEMS ARISE WITH CASES OF DELAYED DEATH.  FINALLY THE POSSIBILITY OF SUICIDE AND CRIMES INVOLVING DEATH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED, SUCH AS POISONING.  SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS TO ACCIDENT RESEARCH ARE DISCUSSED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 05:59:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057762</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEART DISEASE IN TRAFFIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IN A WHOLE RANGE OF HEART DISEASES THE RISK EXISTS OF SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND/OR SUDDEN DEATH.  THE MECHANISM CONCERNED IS MAINLY THAT OF HEART RYTHM DISTURBANCES IN ADDITION TO PUMPING FAILURES.  ACTUAL EVIDENCE  REGARDING THE RELATION BETWEEN HEART ILLNESSES AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IS,  HOWEVER, DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN.  FROM THE STATISTICAL VIEWPOINT, INCOMPLETE DATA ARE AVAILABLE FROM WHICH DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS CANNOT BE DRAWN.  ALTHOUGH THERE IS LITTLE CERTAINTY, THE VIEW PREDOMINATES THAT HEART ILLNESSES ARE RARELY THE CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS.  THUS IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT  IN JUDGING THE DRIVING APTITUDE OF THE CARDIAC PATIENT, ONE SHOULD REFER  TO THE HISTORY OF THE ILLNESS AS WELL AS TO THE RESULTS OF INDIVIDUAL TESTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 05:59:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057755</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DRIVING APTITUDE OF PEOPLE HAVING ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE NUMBER OF HEART VALVE OPERATIONS IN A YEAR IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF  GERMANY, AND THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF 16 YEARS AFTER REPLACEMENT OF THE AORTIC AND MITRAL VALVES RAISES THE QUESTION OF THE DRIVING APTITUDE OF THESE PEOPLE.  291 PEOPLE WITH ARTIFICIAL VALVES WERE ANALYSED PRE- AND POST-OPERATIVELY WITH RESPECT TO THEIR DRIVING BEHAVIOUR, AND IT WAS SHOWN THAT PATIENTS WITH ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES ARE FIT TO DRIVE A VEHICLE.  THE PROVISION IS, HOWEVER, THAT THEY ARE KEPT UNDER REGULAR SURVEILLANCE BY A DOCTOR, THAT NO SIGNS OF DECOMPENSATION AND RHYTHMIC DISTURBANCES ARE PRESENT, AND THAT THE RECOMMENDED MEDICATION IS CARRIED OUT ACCURATELY.  BECAUSE OF THE ASSOCIATED HIGH BODILY EFFORT THIS GROUP IS NOT SUITED TO THE DRIVING OF VEHICLES SUCH AS BUSES OR LORRIES.  ASSESSMENT OF THE DRIVING ABILITY OF PEOPLE WITH ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES CANNOT BE MADE SOLELY DEPENDENT ON THE VALVE IMPLEMENTATION, BUT MUST TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEGREE OF SEVERITY OF THE CARDIAC ILLNESS.  THE COVERING ABSTRACT FOR THE CONFERENCE IS IRRD NO 311057.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:42:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUDDEN DEATH AT THE WHEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1049942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE SECTION MATERIAL OF THE INSTITUTE FOR FORENSIC MEDICINE COVERING A PERIOD OF TEN YEARS WAS EVALUATED WITH REGARD TO THE FREQUENCY OF SUDDEN NATURAL DEATH WHILST DRIVING.  AGE, SEX, BODY WEIGHT, TIME OF YEAR AND THE PATHOLOGICAL-ANATOMICAL FINDINGS OF THE AUTOPSY WERE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.  A RISK GROUP COULD BE ESTABLISHED, IN WHICH THOSE OF THE MALE SEX WERE AFFECTED BY ILLNESS OF THE HEART-CIRCULATION SYSTEM IN THEIR SEVENTH DECADE.  OBESITY AND HIGH TEMPERATURES WERE RECOGNISED AS FURTHER CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:28:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1049942</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A study of paramedics' attitudes to the effects of speed humps on resuscitation of patients en route to hospital, including general patients care and ambulance response times</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/850519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effect in the UK of continuous speed humps on emergency ambulance vehicles was studied by investigated the attitudes and behaviour of 100 paramedic staff using questionnaires. Thirty-six paramedics returned the questionnaires. Twenty-four of the paramedics would deviate routes to avoid speed humps en route to a 999 call and 18 of these were willing to add an average of 2.5 minutes to response time. Twenty of the paramedics would deviate routes to an urgent call for their own comfort, and 14 of those would extend time of arrival to the patient by up to 10 minutes. En route to hospital 28 of 35 paramedics would alter the route with a medically stable patient, 20 of 34 paramedics  with a medically unstable patient and 18 of 34 paramedics with a patient in cardiac arrest (adding up to five minutes). Thirty-two of 36 paramedics felt that speed humps interfered with cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, and 13 of 33 felt that this was to the detriment oftheir patient. Seventeen of 36 paramedics elected not to undertake a medical intervention as a result of travelling over speed humps, 14 of 27 of whom felt that the intervention was essential to improve the patient's condition. All respondents felt that a number of patient conditions were affected detrimentally by speed humps, the most common conditions being spinal or back injuries and fractures generally.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Mar 2008 10:17:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/850519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical characterization of internal layer failure in the human carotid artery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/841045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blunt carotid artery injuries are commonly characterized by intimal failures leading to vessel dissection, resulting in cerebral infarction and ischemic stroke.  These injuries typically occur in motor vehicle collisions and, although the incidence is low, are associated with high morbidity andmortality rates.  Previous studies of arterial failure mechanics did not quantify intimal failure.  The present study quantified intimal failure mechanics relative to catastrophic vessel failure in human and porcine arteries.  Under mechanical distraction, human internal and common carotid arteries demonstrated similar behaviour, with only ultimate stress being significantly different (p<0.05).  Porcine aortas sustained significantly greater stress and strain at initial intimal failure, strain at ultimate failure, and intimal-to-ultimate stress and strain ratios.  Human carotid arteries were obtained from cadavers of advanced age that were frozen prior to excision.  Because these factors may alter soft-tissue mechanical response,young, fresh porcine aortas are likely a better model of blunt carotid artery injury.  This study provides a mechanical basis for clinical findingsof intimal failure in blunt carotid artery injury. For the covering abstract see ITRD E134311.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2007 13:41:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/841045</guid>
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