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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Potential Uses for a Hand Held Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636021</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the renewal projects under the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) explored the potential for broad use of portable spectroscopic devices to fingerprint construction materials commonly used in transportation infrastructure. One of the instruments identified as having potential was a portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) instrument. In addition to the uses identified by the research project, there are some potential Iowa specific applications that are explored in this report. Testing was done on carbonate aggregates and stainless-steel reinforcement. The conclusions are: 1. The handheld XRF was quick and easy to operate compared to the laboratory XRF. A technician with a few hours of training could perform tests on a wide variety of materials such as soils, rock, paint, plastics, and metals. 2. The handheld XRF with the metals library does very well at identifying the metal type. The flexibility to add additional element limits and metal types to the library is a useful feature for use on specialty alloys. 3. Once the handheld XRF was calibrated for carbonate aggregates, it was fairly accurate and repeatable on prepared samples of rock and powder. Curved or rough surfaces appeared to reduce the accuracy and repeatability. 4. The XRF fingerprint matching algorithm was unable to consistently match pebbles from the same sample. An enhanced algorithm using the full spectrum might produce better results. Some sample preparation might also improve the accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 16:12:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636021</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Long-term strength development and durability assessment of cement-stabilized carbonate-based aggregate quarry by-products: Potential role of hydrotalcite</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quarry by-products (QBs) are residual materials generated during aggregate quarrying operations. QBs present promising sustainable alternatives for use as pavement foundation layers. Carbonate aggregates account for a significant portion of crushed stone production in the United States, resulting in substantial quantities of QB materials. Among these, dolomitic QB materials stabilized with a small amount of cement have demonstrated superior performance in field tests compared to cement-stabilized limestone QBs. Although several studies have explored the improved strength of cement matrices containing dolomite compared to limestone, the findings remained inconclusive in explaining the performance differences. Addressing these inconsistencies, this study examines the effect of the mineralogical composition of carbonate aggregate QB materials —ranging from dolomite to limestone—on strength development and freeze–thaw durability in QB specimens stabilized with 3 % cement. The analysis revealed a strong correlation (R² = 0.98) between hydrotalcite formation and strength gain per fine fraction in cement-stabilized QB specimens subjected to long-term curing. Raman imaging confirmed that hydrotalcite forms near dolomite grains, refining the microstructure and contributing to strength development. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the enhanced strength of dolomitic QBs compared to limestone QBs is associated with improved freeze–thaw performance. This study highlights the potential utilization of surplus dolomitic QB materials in pavement geotechnical applications, offering a sustainable solution that leverages their mineralogical properties to enhance performance and consequently extend the service life of pavement foundations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 09:30:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physico-Mechanical and Petrographic Appraisal of Carbonate Rocks as Construction Aggregate: A Case Study from Lesser Himalaya, Pakistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Owing to the exceptional role of crushed rock aggregates in construction, their prospective reserves fulfilling qualitative and economic parameters should be identified to meet their ever-increasing demand. This research aims to unlock new sources of high-quality construction materials, thereby optimizing concrete performance and meeting the requirement for sustainable building materials. The study investigated the physicomechanical and petrographic properties of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Eocene limestones of the Kawagarh Formation (KF), Samana Suk Formation (SSF), and Margalla Hill Limestone (MHL) along the Abbottabad–Nathiagali roadside section, as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and British Standards Institute (BSI). The results of geotechnical investigations are flakiness and elongation index (19.6–34.85% and 17.53–31.2%), specific gravity (2.64 to 2.67), water absorption (0.34–0.63%), unconfined compressive strength (41.72–80.65 MPa), loss angeles abrasion value (15.63–19.08%), impact value (15.38–19.36%), and the soundness (0.9–1.97%). These results showed values within the acceptable range according to ASTM and BSI standards. Petrographically, the KF is classified as mud and wackestone, the SSF was mainly classified as wacke-packstone and grainstone, while the MHL was classified as bioclastic wacke and packstone. The dominancy of micrite matrix favors the strength of aggregate, whereas porosity, microfractures, stylolites, and allochems adversely affect the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. Based on reserve estimation, the studied sections possess significant exploitable reserves and are feasible for quarry operations. The studied rocks can be utilized to produce high-strength concrete, optimizing its performance and quality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2024 10:24:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406750</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of cement treated magnesite mine tailings as subgrade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2089821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Magnesite Mine Tailings (MMT) collected from Salem magnesite dump site are evaluated for their application as subgrade in road construction. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was added to MMT by 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of its dry weight and compaction characteristics, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), durability characteristics and leaching characteristics were studied. In addition, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were carried out to explore the stabilisation mechanisms. The addition of OPC aided in producing a denser mix. The strength characteristics have revealed that the addition of OPC increases the strength of OPC-MMT mixes. The relationship between UPV and UCS is established to help in non-destructive evaluation. Nonetheless, higher cement content is mandatory to withstand the durability cycles. The stabilized mixes have fulfilled the environmental regulatory limits. The XRD, FESEM and EDX analyses have shown the products of hydration and alkali-magnesite reactions. This study finds that the cement treated MMT can be used as a subgrade in road construction which will not only reduce the negative environmental effects of open dumping of MMT but also replaces the natural soil in subgrade construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2023 09:19:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2089821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>State of preservation of carbonate aggregates in alkaline environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1971086</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents assessment of construction aggregates obtained from lithologically varied carbonate rocks in terms of their preservation after 100 days of immersion in 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at room temperature. Aggregates showed no indication of alkali reaction in the form of dedolomitization or silica dissolution. However, it was observed that the aggregate grains had cracked. Oxidation of opaque minerals occurred in the twinning planes of dolomite found in dolosparite aggregates. It was determined that aggregates obtained from Cambrian dolomitized sparites, Devonian dolomicrites, dolosparites, biomicrites, dolomitized micrites, Carboniferous pelbiosparites and Jurassic biomicrites are chemically stable in alkaline environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:34:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1971086</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on particle breakage of carbonate gravels under cyclic loadings through Large-scale triaxial tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1869404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Carbonate gravels are often used as a road base filling material in island area. To evaluate the feasibility of carbonate gravels as a filling material, a large-diameter cyclic triaxial testing system (LDCTTS) was adopted to investigate the particle breakage and long-term behavior of carbonate gravels under high-cycle loadings (N=50000). The effects of cyclic deviatoric stress, initial static deviatoric stress, effective confining pressure and drainage conditions on the long-term behavior of carbonate gravels were investigated. Fractal theory and Einav’s relative breakage index were applied for the analysis of particle breakage. Test results show that the accumulated axial strain of carbonate gravels increases with the increase of cyclic deviatoric stress and initial deviatoric stress. Particle breakage occurs during the cyclic loading tests, especially for coarse particles with diameter larger than 10 mm. The relative breakage index increases linearly with the cyclic deviatoric stress and the initial deviatoric stress, while decreasing exponentially with the effective confining pressure for the stress range studied. In addition, carbonate gravels in undrained tests exhibit more crushing than drained tests due to the positive pore water pressures accumulated. Einav’s relative breakage index is found to be in an exponential relationship with the input of plastic deformation energy, which can be used to predict the particle breakage of carbonate gravels under cyclic loadings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Sep 2021 12:03:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1869404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Support Measures to Prevent the Deformation and Failure of a Carbonaceous Mudstone Tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1840403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A carbonaceous mudstone tunnel is a type of soft rock tunnel. There is little research on the prevention and control measures for the deformation and failure of carbonaceous mudstone tunnels. In this article, the authors investigated the construction of the Qiguding carbonaceous mudstone tunnel in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The authors monitored and analyzed the deformation and stress characteristics of a section under the original support scheme. The monitoring data showed that this section had large peripheral convergence, vault subsidence, steel arch strain, and concrete strain. The deformations exhibited significant differences in the horizontal and vertical directions, eventually resulting in concrete cracking, steel arch bulging, and distortion in the section. The analysis showed that the primary mechanisms for the failure were the softening characteristics of the carbonaceous mudstone, the plastic rheology, and the shear slip of the rock stratum. Based on a comparative analysis and numerical simulation, the authors proposed a new support measure called the longitudinal rigid enlarged foundation that consists of a steel arch longitudinal connection system and a locking foot anchor pipe system. Several comparative tests were performed at the tunnel site. The results demonstrated the excellent performance and reliability of the proposed support scheme for the deformation control of the carbonaceous mudstone, providing a reference for similar projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2021 17:48:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1840403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Improved Extension System for Assessing Risk of Water Inrush in Tunnels in Carbonate Karst Terrain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1600737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an improved assessment system to evaluate the risk of water inrush in tunnels in carbonate karst terrain based on extension assessment method. This system considers the karst geological conditions and selects nine main factors as evaluation indices that influence the water inrush in tunnels. The evaluation indices are quantitatively graded into four risk grades based on their values or expert judgement. The same-feature matter-element, classical domains, and sectional domains are constructed based on the nondimensionalization of the risk grades of the evaluation indices. The integrated weights for the evaluation indices are composed of the objective weights computed from measured values and the subjective weights derived from the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The water inrush risk level of the evaluation object is recognized by the correlation analysis. The variable characteristic value makes it possible to further distinguish the water inrush risk of different objects having the same risk level. The accuracy of the assessment results of this proposed extension assessment system was verified by applying it in two engineering cases. This extension assessment system provides a practical tool to assess the risk of water inrush in tunnels in carbonate karst terrain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2019 16:53:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1600737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strength and Index Measurements of South Florida Carbonate-Rocks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[South Florida has multiple limestone (carbonate-rocks) formations formed during the Pleistocene Epoch near the ground surface. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) is considering their use to support shallow foundations beneath bridge piers or bents. Required for design is assessment of the rocks’ bearing capacity which requires a strength envelope for the rock, as well as identifying their stress-strain response, for identifying failure modes (general, local, and punching). Using Brazilian splitting tension and a Hoek triaxial compression cell (Hoek and Franklin 1968), various confining pressures and volumetric measurements were obtained for multiple rock formations in south Florida. Based on the triaxial measurements, the limestone samples transition from brittle behavior at lower confining pressures (50 kPa or 7 psi) to ductile response at higher confining pressures (1,400 kPa or 200 psi). Also based on triaxial testing, the south Florida formations exhibited volumetric contraction during shear. Influencing the response were several index measurements: dry densities, outer and inner porosities as well as chemical carbonate content of the rock, which are specific to each formation (e.g., Miami, Fort Thompson, Anastasia, and Key Largo).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Oct 2018 12:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Further Evaluations of Skid Resistance Characteristics of Carbonate Rock Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1499651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to poor skid resistance characteristics, in 1975 carbonate coarse aggregate was prohibited from use in the bituminous surfacings of New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) maintained highways. Proposals for less restrictive use criteria have since been made by the carbonate aggregate industry. The status of the Department's evaluations of those proposals is documented in this report. The principal recommendation by industry has been to adopt the PennDOT SRL (Skid Resistance Level) aggregate classification system. With the SRL system, an aggregate can be used in all roadways having traffic volumes up to some limiting average daily traffic (ADT), established from its ADT vs Skid Number relationship. The SRL system proved to be inappropriate for Department needs, however , the existence of a definable relationship between skid number and traffic volume was verified. It was also established that roadway speed limit has a significant effect on skid number values. Based on these findings, a probabilistic procedure was formulated for determining the speed limit and ADT conditions which permit a given carbonate aggregate to be used without causing inordinately low pavement skid resistance. Application of this procedure established that aggregate from two ledger dolomite quarries can be used in bituminous pavements with speed limits up to 50 mph, and with design traffic volumes up to 4,000 vpd.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2018 20:51:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1499651</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Skid Resistant Characteristics of Carbonate Rock Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1499658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report reviews the several investigations of the polishing problems associated with carbonate rock aggregate. The performance of this aggregate at many sites selected for investigation as well as its performance on test strip installations continually indicated that it polished to an unacceptable level of skid resistance more rapidly than did other aggregates commonly used in New Jersey. With the acquisition of ASTM type skid testers it became possible to accurately measure the skid resistance of many miles of pavement. The further development of a prototype Skid Accident Reduction Program led to the use of wet weather accident data (an accepted indicator of slippery pavement) in uncovering problem areas. This system was used on 4093 miles of roadway in 1974. Sixty-four potentially hazardous sites were identified. Forty-eight of these sites were constructed with carbonate aggregate, and thirty-one of the sites so identified came from one aggregate supplier. Concurrently, an investigation was instituted to determine the feasibility of a screening test which could identify the polishing rate of a carbonate aggregate prior to its use in a pavement. With the assistance of Rutgers University Geology Department, insoluble residues and thin sections were checked and some identifiable characteristics were determined. However, the procedure was very time consuming and would require additional trained personnel to administer. When all the factors outlined in the report are considered, it is felt that both safety and economy call for a ban on the use of carbonate rock in bituminous concrete surface courses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2018 20:51:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1499658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Evaluation of the NCSA Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Procedure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the past several years the National Crushed Stone Association (NCSA) has been conducting a research study into the skid resistance of carbonate aggregates. The aim of the study has been the establishment of a relationship between the skid resistance exhibited and the physical characteristics of a carbonate aggregate. The study conducted at the NCSA's laboratory was based on a concept that attributes the skid resistance of a carbonate aggregate to the differential hardness of the minerals that comprise the structure of the carbonate aggregate. According to this concept, when a carbonate aggregate is subjected to a polishing action, the softer minerals will wear away at a faster rate than the harder minerals. This differential wearing away of the constituent minerals will leave the wearing surface of the aggregate with a rough, uneven texture which should hopefully increase the skid resistance of the carbonate aggregate. In order that the minerals could be examined and analyzed, a method had to be developed. which would separate the minerals from the matrix that held them together in the carbonate aggregate. The method would have to act only on the cementing agent since it was imperative that the minerals not be destroyed or altered in any manner. Once the minerals were separated from the matrix of the carbonate aggregate, they could then be thoroughly examined and analyzed. This paper presents an outline of the NCSA's analysis procedure, followed by an evaluation study of NCSA's procedure conducted by the Texas Highway Department.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2016 22:27:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rapid Field Method for Determining the Polish Susceptibility of Carbonate Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428087</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A quick and simple method by which limestones and related carbonate paving aggregates can be rated as to their relative susceptibility to polishing has been successfully applied to a wide number of aggregate sources used on Texas Highway projects. The technique involves taking a small representative sample of the aggregate and subjecting it to a dilute hydrochloric acid treatment for about 20 seconds, The etched particles are washed, examined under a 10-15X handlens or a stereoscopic microscope, and the resulting surface texture is then compared to a set of photos or diagrams for rating. The rating system, developed from the examination of over a hundred carbonate sources, can assist in judging a material's potential susceptibility and resistance to polishing. Data from laboratory and field-trial studies when compared to duplicate samples tested by the Accelerated Polishing Test (Test Method Tex 438-A), shows that a Textural Rating of 1 correlates to a range of measured polish values of 25 to 33, a rating of 2 correlates to polish values in the range of 34 to 37 and a rating of 3 correlates to polish values greater than 37.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2016 22:27:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428087</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chemo-mechanical Modelling of Cemented Soils, from the Microscale to the Volume Element</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sensitivity of the mechanical properties of geomaterials to chemical processes is known to bring about either strengthening or weakening effects, the latter being critical for safety assessment in a number of civil and energy engineering applications. In this work, coupling of chemical and mechanical processes in bonded geomaterials is investigated by developing a micro-structure inspired model, which is then validated against a number of different chemo-mechanical experiments on calcarenite. The model is shown to provide a flexible framework for consistent interpretation of experimental loading paths, and can be readily applied to challenging boundary value problems, such as studying the stability of slopes exposed to acid rain or predicting the effectiveness of CO₂ injection in carbonate rocks. The model can be also easily extended to materials involving cementation bonds with different composition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 12:42:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of Blast Induced Damage Zone during Tunnel Excavation in Carbonate Rocks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373966</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnel excavation by blasting inevitably results in the rock mass damage around the excavation profile. The rock mass damage immediately next to the tunnel profile emerges as the expanding of the existing cracks and the appearance of new cracks, i.e. as the change of the physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass. Measurements were obtained from the surface and from the tunnel opening by using geophysical and visual methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2015 09:28:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373966</guid>
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