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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>From parking to power : integrating an energy management system in a multifunctional building to enable e-mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534231</guid>
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      <title>Evaluation and variability of power grid hosting capacity for electric vehicles : case studies of residential areas in Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasing in popularity and play an important role in decarbonizing the transport sector. However, a growing EV fleet can cause problems for power grids as the grids are not initially designed for EV charging. The potential of a power grid to accommodate EV loads can be assessed through hosting capacity (HC) analysis. The HC is grid specific and varies, therefore it is necessary to conduct analysis that reflects local conditions and covers uncertainties and correlations over time. This thesis aims to investigate the HC for EVs in existing residential power grids, and to gain a better understanding of how it varies based on how the EVs are implemented and charged. The work is in collaboration with a distribution system operator (DSO) and is based on two case studies using real-life data reflecting conditions in Swedish grids. Combinations of different HC assessment methods have been used and the HC is evaluated based on cable loading, transformer loading and voltage deviation. Additionally, the study investigated three distinct charging strategies: charging on arrival, evenly spread charging over whole connection period, and charging at the lowest spot price.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491214</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effective system solutions for battery electric trucks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One possible step for reducing humans use of fossil fuel due to transportation is to replace diesel trucks with battery electric ones. This thesis focuses on effective system solutions for battery electric trucks but not the ones which can charge while driving on so called electric roads. The energy distribution diagram is introduced which makes it easy to visualise the daily energy consumption for the trucks full service life in a compact way. The energy distribution diagram is used to investigate which driving patterns that are suitable for cost effective battery electric trucks and the cost is compared to commercial diesel trucks. These analyses are done both for several simple shapes of the energy distribution as well as for a special case of electrification of long-distance line-haul trucks. An investigation about how to select the total power of a charging station with a given demand of charging is also presented. Finally, the charging needed for trucks, the charger utilization and the problems with queuing at chargers along a highway in Sweden is investigated with an agent-based model based on traffic data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:05:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389004</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Interaction between charging infrastructure and the electricity grid : the situation and challenges regarding the influence of electromobility on mainly low voltage networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the situation with knowledge and challenges regarding the large scale introduction of electromobility in the Swedish power grid. The content convers a range of systemic perspectives in terms of challenges and impacts that the fast-growing amount of charging associated with electromobility poses to the actual power system. From this, several important questions are addressed in order to predict the future positive and negative impacts of this. A description of electromobility in technological terms is given by presenting various configurations of electric vehicles, charging infrastructure and energy supply. The focus is placed on the possible impacts on the low-voltage networks, mainly exploring the power quality issues and grid hosting capacity. The following power quality issues are addressed: rms voltage (slow voltage variation, overvoltage, undervoltage, fast voltage variations), unbalance, waveform distortion (harmonics, interharmonics, and supraharmonics), and power system stability. The hosting capacity is examined to predict whether the charging demand from electromobility can be accommodated in the existing power system considering the involved challenges. Furthermore, the aspect related to the charging process and people’s travelling patterns under a stochastic point of view is analyzed. With the advantages that electromobility brings, it is noticeable that people will change the way they move around. Insights from this perspective make it possible to predict how the grid needs to change to accommodate the future needs. This report is the intermediate result, about 10 months after the start of the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:08:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of electric vehicle charging on the power grid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the situation with knowledge and challenges regarding the large-scale introduction of electromobility in the Swedish power grid. The content covers a range of systemic perspectives in terms of challenges and impacts that the fast-growing amount of charging associated with electromobility poses to the actual power system. From this, several important questions are addressed in order to predict the future positive and negative impacts of this. The focus is placed on the possible impacts on the low and medium voltage networks, mainly exploring the power quality issues and grid hosting capacity. The following power quality issues are addressed: RMS voltage (slow voltage variation, overvoltage, undervoltage, fast voltage variations), unbalance, waveform distortion (harmonics, interharmonics, and supraharmonics), and power system stability. The hosting capacity is examined to predict whether the charging demand from electromobility can be accommodated in the existing power system considering the involved challenges. Furthermore, the aspect related to the charging process and people’s traveling patterns under a stochastic point of view is analysed. With the advantages that electromobility brings, it is noticeable that people will change the way they move around. Insights from this perspective make it possible to predict how the grid needs to change to accommodate future needs. This report summarizes the results of different studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:07:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948893</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electricity supply to electric road systems : impacts on the energy system and environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyses how an electrification of the transport sector, including static charging and electric road systems (ERS), could impact the Swedish and German electricity system. The integration of ERS in the electricity system is analysed using: (i) a model-package consisting of an electricity system investment model (ELIN) and electricity system dispatch model (EPOD) and (ii) an energy system investment and dispatch model (SCOPE). The models are run for the same sets of scenarios and methodological differences and results are compared.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 14:47:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing energy-sensitive interactions: conceptualising energy from the perspective of electric cars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As technology is increasingly used in mobile settings, energy and battery management is becoming a part of everyday life. Many have experienced how quickly a battery can be depleted in a smartphone, laptop or electric cars, sometimes causing much distress. An important question is how we can understand and work with energy as a factor in interaction design to enable better experiences for end-users. Through design-oriented research, I have worked with the specific case of electric cars, which is currently a domain where people struggle in terms of energy management. The main issue in this use case is that current driving range estimates cause distrust and anxiety among drivers. Through sketches, prototypes and studies, I investigated causes as well as possible remedies to this situation. My conclusion is that instead of providing black-boxed predictions, in-car interfaces should expose the logics of estimates so that drivers know how their own actions in e.g. driving style, climate control, and other equipment, affects energy use. Revealing such energy mechanisms will not only empower the driver, it will also acknowledge the impact of variables that cannot be predicted automatically. In this work, understanding the dynamic aspects of energy has emerged as central to interaction with systems. This points to a need to design energy sensitive interactions - focusing on supporting users to find the right balance between energy use and the experiential values sought for. To ease design of energy sensitive interactions, energy use is divided into three different categories with accompanying ideals. These are exergy (always needed to achieve the required interaction), intergy (controllable and changing over time and use, needs to be addressed in design), and anergy (always waste that needs to be reduced). This articulation highlights aspects of energy that are specific to interaction design, and possible aspects to expose to allow more energy-efficient interactions in use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:20:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HELIOS: High Energy Lithium-Ion Storage solutions: final results</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[HELIOS is a 4 year project to carry out a comparative assessment of 4 types of lithium-ion battery technologies, selected as the most promising technologies being developed across the world: NCA, NMC, LMO & LFP/C. The assessments concern traction batteries for the automotive sector (EV, PHEV & HEV-APU). The work achieved from laboratory testing and other analysis deliver the comparative data covering performance, life, cost, recycling and safety/abuse characteristics. NCA is the current mainstream manufacturing technology used by SAFT and is therefore the base case against which the other 3 technologies are compared. In each case the evaluations are carried out on representative size high energy cells with a capacity of approximately 40 Ah, produced industrially. In total, up to 220 cells have been employed across the various cell types and test activities (safety tests on new and pre-aged cells), cycling and calendar tests (12-15 months).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2014 10:35:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lifetime analysis of four different lithium ion batteries for (plug – in) electric vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a performance and ageing study on different large scale Lithium Ion batteries for their potential use in an electric vehicle. A commercial cell was compared with three experimental cell designs. The anode material in all the cells is graphite; the cathode material for the commercial cell is Nickel Cobalt oxide (NCA) and for the experimental cells Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC), Iron Phosphate (LFP) and Manganese Spinel (LMO). Three cells per chemistry were tested. The cells were cycled for a maximum of 18 months with a PHEV profile at 45°C. The cells showed an initial capacity of NCA 42Ah, NMC 37Ah, LMO 27Ah and LFP 34Ah. The point where only 80% of the initial capacity was available was reached after 1284 equivalent full cycles for NCA, 455 for NMC, 498 for LMO and 377 for LFP; transferring in total NCA 52396Ah, NMC 18672Ah, LMO 13895Ah and LFP 15445Ah of discharge capacity. The results lead to the conclusion that the commercial NCA cell is superior in all categories. It has the best performance values as well as high cycle life. While LMO offers second best cycle life it is the weakest in energy density; LFP shows a higher capacity but a very low total charge throughput; NMC is a good trade-off between all the parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2014 10:35:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327725</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTRICAL CAPACITY METHOD OF MEASURING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SAND ON A CONVEYOR BELT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE APPLICATION OF THE HIGH FREQUENCY CAPACITY METHOD TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF AGGREGATES CARRIED ON A CONVEYOR BELT. THE METHOD USES THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF WET MATERIALS.  A PROBE, IN THE SHAPE OF THE STERN OF A SHIP, WAS DESIGNED TO PASS THROUGH THE MATERIALS, WHICH ARE MOVING ON THE BELT AFTER PROPORTIONING. THIS PROBE COMPRISES TWO ELECTRODES WHICH, IN CONTACT WITH THE WET MATERIAL, FORM A CONDENSER, THE CAPACITY OF WHICH VARIES WITH THE MOISTURE CONTENT. THE  CAPACITY VARIATIONS ARE CONVERTED INTO FREQUENCY VARIATIONS. A DEVICE TRANSFORMS THE LATTER IN AN ANALOG SIGNAL WHICH APPEARS ON A CONTROL PANEL OR ACTIVATES THE BATCHING CONTROLS. UP TO NOW TESTS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED ON SAND USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE. THE CALIBRATION CURVES FOR CONCRETE SAND SHOW THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN + OR - 5% ACCURACY IN THE WATER CONTENT BY WEIGHT UNDER NORMAL MIXING PLANT CONDITIONS. TWO EXAMPLES OF RECORDING ARE GIVEN.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:09:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071797</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POWER SUPPLIES FOR ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1069662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SUPPLYING ENERGY TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES FROM THE PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM  CAN BE EFFECTED IN VARIOUS WAYS. THE CONCEPT OUTLINED HERE PROVIDES FOR THE DRIVING ENERGY TO BE DELIVERED TO THE USER IN THE VEHICLE ITSELF. I.E.  THE BATTERY REMAINS PART OF THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK. IN ADDITION TO CHARGING ON THE CAR, CHANGING OF BATTERIES AT "ELECTRIC FILLING STATIONS" FOR  CARS WITH A LARGER RADIUS OF ACTION WILL PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART, SUPPLEMENTED BY HYBRID SOLUTIONS. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE POSSIBLE TIMES REQUIRED  FOR REALISATION, THE ENERGY DEMAND FOR THE ELECTRIC CAR WILL HARDLY EVER  BE MORE THAN 2 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL PUBLIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION. BECAUSE THIS ENERGY CAN BE STORED IN BATTERIES, IT CAN BE GENERATED DURING LOW-LOAD  PERIODS, IN WHICH THE LOADING CURVES HAVE RESERVE CAPACITY EVEN FOR THE FUTURE. SINCE GENERATION WILL BE INCREASINGLY TRANSFERRED TO NUCLEAR POWER  PLANTS, THERE NO LONGER REMAINS THE ARGUMENT THAT THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION EMISSION IS THEREBY ONLY DIVERTED TO THE POWER STATION CHIMNEY. ALL IN ALL, IT CAN BE SHOWN THAT THE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY UNDERTAKINGS CAN OFFER DRIVING ENERGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN ADEQUATE AMOUNTS EVEN WITHOUT ANY ADDITIONAL CAPACITY AND IN VERY FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS AS REGARDS POLLUTION  OF THE ENVIRONMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 12:08:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1069662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT OF FROST DEPTH IN SOIL BY DETECTION OF VARIATIONS IN SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY IN THE PRESENCE OF THE FROST FRONT - STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE FROST DETECTING DEVICE; THESIS FOR THE DIPLOMA OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AUTHOR RECALLS THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH SOME EXISTING FROST DETECTORS ARE BASED.  THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING THE FROST FRONT BY MEANS OF ELECTRICAL TECHNIQUES IS OUTLINED TOGETHER WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE AND TESTS UNDER FREEZING CONDITIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 11:27:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDREGEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SLOPE FORMATIONS OF THE BUTTE D'AMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESULTS OBTAINED ON AN EXPERIMENTAL SITE ARE GIVEN.  DETAILS ARE ALSO GIVEN OF THE EQUIPMENT DEVELOPED FOR THE SITE WITH A VIEW TO: (1) MEASURING THE MOISTURE CONTENT WITH NEUTRON AND CAPACITATIVE METHODS, AND (2) MEASURING THE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE PORE WATER PRESSURE BY MEANS OF TENSIOMETERS OR OPEN OR CLOSED PIEZOMETERS.  A SPECIAL STUDY IS MADE OF THE EQUIPMENT AND OF THE WATER-TABLE AT THE LEVEL OF THE CATCHMENT AREA; THE NON-SATURATED  ZONE IS INVESTIGATED AT ONLY 4 POINTS.  THE COMPARISON OF PIEZOMETER RECORDINGS IN TWO SUCCESSIVE YEARS SHOWS THAT THE MINIMUM FLOW STARTS AT THE END OF MARCH BEGINNING OF APRIL AND THAT THE FILL OCCURS BETWEEN OCTOBER AND DECEMBER; THIS BEHAVIOUR IS EXPLAINED BY THE DIRECTION OF WATER FLOWS AND VARIATIONS IN WATER RESERVES IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE; THE LATTER PLAYS THE ROLE OF REGULATING DEVICE OF THE RAINFALL.  THE DIFFERENCES IN PRESSURE MEASURED ALONG THE SAME VERTICAL LINE ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF RAPID VARIATIONS IN PERMEABILITY. A HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL BALANCE SHEET IS DRAWN UP.  ONE OF THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES RESIDES IN THE VARIATIONS IN THE MAIN PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO THE TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE MEASUREMENT STATIONS IN THE CATCHMENT AREA. HOWEVER, IT CLEARLY SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF  VERTICAL TRANSFERS (SOIL-ATMOSPHERE) COMPARED TO THAT OF HORIZONTAL TRANSFERS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 11:25:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068756</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM REDUCES POLLUTING EXHAUST GASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BOTH WELL KNOWN FORMS OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION EQUIPMENT, THE TRANSISTOR AND THE CAPACITOR, EXHIBIT DISADVANTAGES WHICH ARE DEMONSTRATED IN THE CASE OF THE FORMER BY A RELATIVELY SLOW RISE IN THE IGNITION VOLTAGE AND IN HIGH ELECTRICAL LOSS AND IN THE LATTER BY THE SHORT DURATION OF THE IGNITION SPARK.  THE USE OF A NEW DEVICE AVOIDS THESE DISADVANTAGES BECAUSE PART OF  THE IGNITION ENERGY IS TEMPORARILY STORED IN A CONDENSER WHILST THE OTHER PART OF THE CHARGING CURRENT IS TAKEN DIRECT.  THE IGNITION SYSTEM ACHIEVES QUIET IDLING, A REDUCTION OF THE CARBON MONOXIDE CONTENT FROM 4.5% TO 2.3% AND AN INCREASE IN THE TORQUE OF ABOUT 4.3%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 07:46:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061442</guid>
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      <title>METHODS OF MEASURING AND CONTROLLING THE MOISTURE CONTENT IN MATERIALS IN THE LABORATOIRES DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES (LPC)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES THE EXISTING METHODS FOR MEASURING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS USED IN THE LPC.  THE PROBLEMS WHICH LED THE LABORATORIES TO DEVELOP THOSE PROCEDURES ARE SET OUT, AND THE AUTHORS EXPLAIN WHY NEUTRON AND CAPACITATIVE METHODS WERE SELECTED.  THE PRINCIPLE ON WHICH THE  METHODS ARE BASED IS REVIEWED, TOGETHER WITH THE INSTRUMENTS UTILIZED IN  THE LPC: NEUTRON NEEDLE-TYPE DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF STABILIZED ROADBASES; NEUTRON GAUGES FOR USE IN HOPPERS IN MIXING PLANTS; NEUTRON APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE WATER CONTENT OF FRESH CONCRETE; CAPACITATIVE PROBES (POINTED OR BOAT-SHAPED) FOR MATERIALS IN THE MIXING PLANT WHEN THEY ARE TRANSPORTED ON BELTS OR IN HOPPERS.  THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF EACH DEVICE ARE DESCRIBED.  TABLES ARE GIVEN FOR SELECTING THE BEST DEVICE FOR A GIVEN TASK.  ATTENTION IS DRAWN TO THE WIDE FIELD OF APPLICATION OF SUCH DEVICES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:07:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058059</guid>
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