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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Inspection for Quality Assurance in Cast-in-Situ Balanced Cantilever Bridge Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents essential guidelines for engineers conducting inspections at construction sites, with a specific focus on balanced cantilever bridges as a case study. The construction of cast-in-situ balanced cantilever bridges involves complex structural elements, including precast segmental and cast-in-situ superstructures with post-tensioned prestressed cables. Ensuring adherence to technical specifications, construction drawings, and codal provisions is crucial for achieving structural integrity and long-term performance. The study emphasizes the critical role of Authority Engineers in maintaining high-quality workmanship and preventing deviations from planned designs. It addresses common challenges encountered during site inspections, such as overlooked activities and gaps in understanding technical documentation. By providing a structured methodology for inspecting various construction activities, this paper aims to enhance the effectiveness of quality assurance processes. Key guidelines are discussed, including thorough familiarity with technical specifications, detailed inspection checklists, and best practices for on-site evaluation. The paper offers practical insights and recommendations to support young engineers and project managers in executing and supervising bridge construction projects effectively. Through this case study, the paper contributes to improving inspection standards and enhancing the potential for the successful completion of balanced cantilever bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 09:15:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652188</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural safety assessment of existing cantilever bridge deck stocks with half-joints through fragility curves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing traffic loads and the simultaneous aging of the European infrastructure network are determining the need to carry out safety assessments for a growing number of bridges. Prestressed concrete (PC) cantilever decks are particularly common, especially for overpasses, as they were widely constructed in the 1960s and 1970s. This study assesses the structural safety conditions of such decks, drawing on a comprehensive experimental campaign conducted on two stocks of PC highway overpasses with Gerber half-joints, comprising seven (the first) and eleven (the second) structures, respectively, built in southern Italy in the 1970s. The experimental data collected have been analysed statistically to derive probability distributions of key mechanical and physical parameters. Based on these distributions, multiple analytical simulations were conducted using the Monte Carlo method to account for inherent uncertainties of material, geometry and load parameters. Flexural and shear demands are calculated and compared with their capacity counterparts, by accounting for a broad range of potential collapse mechanisms. The primary result is the evolution of the probability of failure for each mechanism as traffic loads increase, represented by “fragility curves”. This methodology enables a rapid but accurate assessment of multiple similar bridge decks, allowing infrastructure management companies to quantify the stock’s safety level, identify critical failure mechanisms, and prioritize targeted strengthening interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:56:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610901</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Behavior Control Method of Prefabrication and Cantilever Assembly for Wide Steel- Ultra High Performance Concrete Composite Girder of Kilometer-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To optimize the stress of wide steel-ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) composite girders in super-long-span cable-stayed bridges during construction, this study proposes a mechanical behavior control method for the prefabrication and cantilever assembly of the composite girder. First, a finite element model of a cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 1,160 m is established, and the stress and deformation of composite girder segments during prefabrication and assembly are analyzed. Based on the characteristics of composite girder prefabrication, this study proposes a method for applying transverse prestress to the bridge deck during prefabrication of composite girders, theoretically derives this method, and investigates the impact of varying inverted arch degrees on transverse prestress through the model. Subsequently, the deformation behavior of the cross-section of the wide steel-UHPC composite girder during the cantilever assembly is analyzed, and the hanging cable-unloading matching method is proposed, which effectively controls the relative deformation of the girder during installation. The findings of this study demonstrate that the comprehensive methodology proposed in this paper ensures that the bridge deck maintains an adequate compressive stress reserve throughout the entire segment prefabrication process, and the deformation of adjacent segments remains relatively uniform during cantilever assembly, thus realizing high-quality prefabrication and high-precision assembly of composite girders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 09:16:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexibility of Bridges Built Using the Cantilever Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cantilever concreting technology is one of modern methods of constructing the concrete long-span bridges. The fundamental features of this method are saving of materials and of construction costs (especially of scaffolding and of formwork) and first of all a possibility of carrying out the construction of the span in many spots at the same time. The negative feature of these bridges is a large long-term deflection of the bridge, as a result of rheological processes in the concrete and in the pre-tensioning steel. Deflection measurements at the mid-span indicate a visible lowering of the grade line of the bridge span, already after few years of service. The calculated flexibility can be useful in analyses of long-term (rheological) changes in concrete bridge structures. It is a complement to the term bridge stiffness used in the case of momentary (short-term) loads, including dynamic actions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:40:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Damage Detection for a Cantilevered Steel I-Beam through Deep-Learning Methods: LSTM, Multivariate Time-Series Transformer, and LSTM-Based Autoencoder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The structural integrity of steel trusses and I-beams is of vital importance for preventing the potential collapse of steel bridges when subjected to extraordinary forces. Thus, identifying damage to I-beams, which cannot be noticed in typical inspections, based on their measured response, would enable early damage detection, and would trigger the necessary mitigation measures to restore the structural integrity of the bridge. This investigation built a vast database of structurally damaged cantilever I-beams, in which openings of various degrees and locations were placed along the beams to emulate reductions in stiffness. Both damaged and undamaged I-beams were modeled using Abaqus software, facilitated by Python scripting. Three deep-learning algorithms were trained, validated and tested with the healthy and damaged I-beam cases: long short-term memory (LSTM), a LSTM-based autoencoder, and multivariate time-series transformers (MTTs), for which the input data consisted of acceleration responses recorded at specific points on the top flange of both undamaged and damaged I-beams subjected to harmonic dynamic loads. To enhance adaptation for field monitoring data, random normal noise was introduced into the acceleration responses before running the machine learning (ML) damage identification algorithms. The three algorithms demonstrated exceptional ability to accurately distinguish between the damaged and the undamaged I-beams. Furthermore, the location of the damage on the beam was identified by the LSTM and MTT algorithms, which had the best accuracy for damage localization. Finally, a comparative analysis of the three algorithms was conducted to clarify the optimal quantity of data points required to attain reliable results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2025 13:50:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cause-agnostic bridge damage state identification utilising machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2426692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The existing bridge stock, both in the EU and globally, contains several bridges that are reaching the end of their design-life, many of them showing signs of deterioration. Although different deterioration mechanisms are involved in this process, the dominant one is deemed to be the corrosion of tendons. As tendons are not always accessible, their state cannot be interpreted without invasive inspections, thus rendering the structural integrity assessment of bridges with corroded tendons an exceptionally challenging problem. Bridge deterioration is frequently expressed by visible permanent deflections that, however, cannot be interpreted into damage in a straightforward engineering manner due to their cause-agnostic nature. In response to this problem, a new data-driven approach is offered to facilitate a first-order bridge damage state assessment. With the proposed framework one can focus on the end result of the deterioration mechanism that is manifested on the bridge with vertical deck drifts and link these drifts to certain damage levels, which are invaluable in the context of bridge adaptation. An actual balanced cantilever bridge, located in the North-West part of Greece, experiencing large deflections in its balanced cantilever part, is employed to demonstrate the proposed methodology. The methodology involves the use of a finite element model of the bridge to investigate the effect of tendon loss on its structural integrity. Characteristic concrete Young’s modulus values and plausible damage patterns on the prestressing tendons are considered to account for tendon loss and creep effects. A dataset of structural responses is numerically generated, and drift-based fragility functions are obtained. Exploiting the dataset of structural responses developed, the k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN) machine learning algorithm is then deployed to rapidly identify the damage state of bridges that would otherwise require thorough inspections and testing. The input required for the identification of the bridge damage state is only the observed deflected shape and the measured concrete Young’s modulus. Thus, the significance of the proposed methodology is its ability to interpret vertical deck deflections, associated with tendon loss, into a bridge damage level, invaluable to decisions toward bridge retrofitting and adaptation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 16:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2426692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-dependant effects on curved precast segmentally constructed balanced cantilever bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excessive long-term deflections and diagonal cracking in the webs are two commonly reported issues in segmentally constructed balanced cantilever bridges. The design of superstructure in such bridges is rather complicated due to the staged construction, secondary restraint forces, and time-dependent effects such as shrinkage, creep, and steel relaxation. The influence of these factors significantly increases by the curvature of the bridge on plan, to the point where it can result in the failure of the bridge if special considerations are not made. In this study, stepwise numerical analyses of a curved pre-cast construction of a balanced cantilever bridge with time-dependent material properties are carried out. The results show the effects of time-dependent losses, especially creep, on deflections during cantilevering and in long-term. It is shown that the curvature of the bridge due to long-term effects can increase the transverse moments in segments that adversely affect the principal tensile stresses, which can lead to diagonal cracking in the web of the segments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 14:32:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verification of shear failures of cantilever bridge deck slabs subjected to concentrated loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shear design and verification of bridge deck slabs subjected to concentrated loads (as those of wheels from traffic) is a topic subjected to scientific and engineering debate, where several questions remain open. Several design procedures have been proposed in the past to determine suitable values of the internal forces for design, such as the so-called load-spreading rule or considering a smoothing length for redistribution of the internal forces calculated based on linear elastic approaches. Despite these previous efforts, several instrumental aspects governing the response of bridge deck slabs still need to be clarified and subjected to scientific discussion. An important one relates to the location of the governing control section. Typically, for the case of cantilever bridge deck slabs, two control sections are checked: one close to the webs (acting as linear support) and another near the concentrated loads. While there is no debate about the shear check performed at the section close to the linear support (similar to a one-way slab response), how the check has to be done at the section close to the load introduction zone remains unclear (which can be interpreted as punching or as a one-way shear phenomenon). Another aspect under discussion is the determination of the internal forces considering the redistributions related to the non-linear behavior of the slab, avoiding too simplistic and overly conservative rules. To better understand the phenomenon and to lead to more comprehensive and consistent design approaches, the behavior of cantilever bridge deck slabs subjected to concentrated loads is thoroughly investigated in this paper. The study starts with several phenomenological observations on shear failures in cantilever bridge deck slabs obtained from previous experimental programs. Then, a refined analysis is presented considering a realistic out-of-plane shear response of reinforced concrete slabs. From these analyses, the internal forces can be evaluated in a sound manner accounting for a gradual reduction of the out-of-plane shear stiffness as a function of bending moments and shear forces. This new feature allows tracking the location of the potential shear-critical regions and examining the forces redistributions related to non-linear behavior. Unlike traditional approaches (like the “load-spreading rule” or smoothing lengths), the presented numerical analyses can consider shear failures at any location. The main findings from the physical observations and refined analysis are eventually used to propose a simple but phenomenologically consistent design methodology aimed at practical applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 10:01:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326136</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Failure investigation of a propped cantilever truss bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Propped cantilever truss is not a common bridge construction technique. The performance of such bridges under operational and extreme loading is not reported in the literature either. In this paper, failure mechanisms in a propped cantilever truss bridge are reported using field investigation. The field observations are supplemented by numerical analysis to identify the causes of failure. A a systematic account of damage mechanisms in bridge components is also reported. The failure of the Lamgadi Bridge over the Seti River in Nepal is used as a case study example. The loading and construction protocols are detailed, and numerical analysis results are juxtaposed with the field observations to explain the failure mechanisms. Field observations and numerical results show that lack in adequate design is the most likely cause of the bridge collapse. Numerical results also indicate that the roller support at the propped end, unlike the hinged pot bearing used in the as constructed bridge would have been a safer choice. The failure could have been easily prevented with proper numerical simulation of the bridge response during the design phase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Feb 2024 16:47:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on asynchronous construction for composite bridges with CSWs: Comparative study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2313597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increase of bridge span and width, the traditional cantilever construction has disadvantages such as excessive weight, excessive steel consumption, high safety risk and poor economy, which severely restrict the development of a wide and large span composite girder bridge with corrugated steel webs (CSWs). This paper fully considers the structural characteristics of composite bridge with CSWs, and innovatively proposes a asynchronous construction method that uses the CSWs as the self-supporting members for supporting the construction loads, including the weight of the hanging basket and concrete. Compared with the traditional cantilever construction, the hanging basket is simplified to a simple working platform with a weight reduction of 50%, a height reduction of more than 90%, and the hanging basket is simplified from the cantilever system to a simple support system, which has the advantages of good stability and good safety, in addition, the construction work platforms is increased from 1 to 3 and the construction period reduced by 30%. Through the model tests of two double cantilever girders with CSWs, the mechanical characteristics of conventional cantilever pouring construction and asynchronous pouring construction of multi-cell single-box girder with CSWs are studied for the first time. The failure modes, shear behavior and linear shape of the main girder under the two construction methods are compared and analyzed. Based on the results of test and finite element models, the key components of the composite girder bridge with CSWs in asynchronous pouring construction are identified, and corresponding optimization suggestions are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2024 09:19:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2313597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Seismic Upgrading Techniques Applied to an Existing Prestressed Concrete Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2175600</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various solutions can be applied for seismic upgrading of bridges based on the improvement of strength or ductility. However, the use of advanced technologies as passive control systems by seismic isolation or dissipative devices can be more convenient because there is a definite reduction in the action transferred to foundations, which leads to the avoidance of expensive interventions. In this paper, a comparison between various retrofitting techniques is proposed considering the case study of a prestressed existing bridge that has a double cantilever configuration. The results confirm the efficiency of the passive control systems; furthermore, the maintenance of the base isolation system appears more onerous than that of the dissipative device system realized with an external contrast structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jun 2023 17:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2175600</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Damage Inspection, Structural Evaluation and Rehabilitation of a Balanced Cantilever Bridge with Center Hinges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987421</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A main objective of the present investigation is to carry out bridge inspection and evaluation, and determination of structural rehabilitation of Phra Pinklao Bridge, having structural configuration of a balanced cantilever bridge with center hinges. The bridge structure is a 3-span, continuous prestressed concrete box girder with a total length of 280 m and a width of 26.6 m supporting 6 traffic lanes. The investigation tasks include 1) bridge visual inspection, 2) measurement of bridge alignment and profile, and joint movements, 3) bridge load test and behaviors measurement, 4) structural analysis and load-rating evaluation, and 5) appropriate bridge rehabilitation plan. Based on the results of bridge inspection, structural damages of the center hinge bearings in a critical state are reported. The damages include permanent deformation of stayed plates and plunger edges of the hinge bearings causing the bearing movement to be restrained and direct impact on serviceability and load-carrying behaviors of the bridge structure. Responses of the bridge structure and identification of any structural damages and deficiency are examined by employing diagnostic load testing under predetermined loading. The results of load-rating evaluation yielding sufficient load-carrying capacities of the existing box girder are reported. According to the investigation carried out, it can be found that appropriate implementation of the planar hinge bearing concept yields a most suitable and effective method for the center hinge bearing replacement of the bridge structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987421</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Direct simulation of the tensioning process of cable-stayed bridge cantilever construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction analysis of cable-stayed bridges plays a crucial role in the security of such structures because stresses and deflections attained during construction might exceed those in service. Although some commercial software are capable of simulating this, their main drawback is that they typically apply the stage superposition principle, owing to which the intermediate stages cannot be analyzed independently. Moreover, under this approach, the corrections of the tensioning process due to deviations in the cable stresses measured on site are more difficult. In this study, the authors conducted a direct simulation of the construction process of cable-stayed bridges built using the cantilever erection method by analyzing independent finite element models. To assure the achievement of a certain target state after construction (objective service stage, (OSS)), the prestressing forces in these models were modeled as imposed strains based on the unstressed length concept. Thus, the construction process can be simulated faster when time dependent phenomena are neglected. Moreover, this will lead to the direct simulation of the construction stages and OSS. To illustrate the application of the proposed method, a cable-stayed bridge was analyzed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Mar 2022 12:36:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wave Mode Control of Cantilever Slab Structure of T-Beam Bridge with Large Aspect Ratio</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cantilever plate structure in a T-beam bridge with a large aspect ratio will cause vibration under the influence of environmental disturbance and self-stress, resulting in fatigue damage of the plate structure. Wave control based on elastic wave theory is an effective method to suppress the vibration of the cantilever plate structure in a beam bridge. Based on the classical thin plate theory and the wave control method, the active vibration control of the T-shaped cantilever plate with a large aspect ratio in the beam bridge is studied in this paper. The wave mode control strategy of structural vibration is analyzed and studied, the controller is designed, the vibration mode function of the cantilever plate is established, and the control force/sensor feedback wave control is implemented for the structure. The dynamic response of the cantilever plate before and after applying wave control force is analyzed through numerical examples. The results show that the response of the structure is intense before control, but after wave control, the structure increases damping, absorbs the energy carried by the elastic wave in the structure, weakens the sharp response, and changes the natural frequency of the structure to a certain extent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2022 09:50:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rheological Effects in the Bridges Constructed with Cantilever Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A characteristic feature of bridges made using cantilever concreting technology is their excessive deflections, which are a result of rheological processes in concrete and prestressing steel. These deflections can be caused by the destruction of the material, e.g. concrete cracking, as well as the changing of the static scheme of the bridge structure, such as the subsidence of supports. The final result of a structure’s operation is changes in its grade line, which in this paper are considered as the deflection line of a bridge’s span.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 10:49:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900883</guid>
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