<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Characterizing EV vs ICE hazards in parking structures : results of full-scale testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study aims to quantify the fire hazard and spread characteristics of c vs BEVs in parking structures and provide test results of sprinkler performance on modern vehicle fires in garages. This effort builds upon two previous phases of research conducted by the Fire Protection Research Foundation, through the literature study and addresses explicitly the testing and analysis of fire test data, with a specific focus on the use of automatic sprinklers as the primary fire protection approach. The outcome will include critical data to characterize the hazard of EVs and data to understand the performance of sprinkler protection at the currently regulated density to inform the assessment of the adequacy of current regulations and substantiation for potential updates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:38:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of design fire based on statistical analysis to predict the severity of electric and internal combustion engine vehicle fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705996</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the severity of fires involving electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in car parks by utilizing a probabilistic design fire approach. Leveraging data from 34 fire experiments, including 16 EV and 17 ICE vehicle fire cases, this work develops comparative heat release rate (HRR) profiles to analyse fire growth, radiative heat flux, and ignition characteristics. The research employs a statistical distribution analysis of vehicle fire severity to construct design fire curves using median, 33rd, and 66th percentile growth coefficients. The findings reveal significantly faster fire growth and higher peak HRR for EVs compared to ICE vehicles, underlining the unique challenges posed by EV fires in enclosed structures. The ignition analysis, focusing on components like mudflaps, tyres, bumper trims, and wheel arches, shows shorter ignition times for EV fires at varying distances, suggesting a heightened risk of rapid fire spread. While this study does not focus on definitive results, it demonstrates the potential of the developed tool for future applications. Given the current limitations of available data, caution is advised in interpreting the findings. Nonetheless, this work highlights the pressing need for more comprehensive data to advance fire safety strategies in an evolving vehicular landscape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:38:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705996</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridging efficiency and accuracy in aviation fuel combustion simulations with reduced kinetics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Turning sustainable is one of the largest challenges facing the aviation sector. Switching to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) instead of fossil fuels is a large piece of the sustainability puzzle, but there is no current SAF that is approved as a stand alone fuel. The road to a stand alone SAF is long and requires more diverse biofuels as well as more research on how biofuels combust. This thesis investigates how extinction phenomena of jet fuels are simulated in chemical kinetic combustion simulations, with a focus on extinction strain rate (ESR). ESR is a measure of how resistant a flame is to extinction. Surrogates are artificial mixtures made to emulate fuel characteristics. A surrogate formulation methodology was developed with an aim to be fast and simple, in order to efficiently simulate jet fuels. The surrogate was developed for use in a wide range of combustion simulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666556</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From fossil to electrification : reducing emissions from the active fleet by e-retrofit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The adoption rate of zero tailpipe emission road vehicles (ZEVs) is insufficient in Sweden and the EU for the 2030 greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets to be met. The average life length of internal combustion engines vehicles (ICEVs) is 10-17 years and there is a higher export rate of used EVs than ICEVs, two factors that essentially lock in a large portion of emissions for nearly two decades. This pre-study explores the potentials and challenges of retrofitting of ICEVs with electric powertrains (E-retrofit), a complementary path to fleet decarbonization. It focuses on determining vehicle types and applications where conversion is cost-effective, environmentally beneficial, and technically feasible. Today, E-retrofitting is a niche industry, foremost focused on special-purpose vehicles with costly bodywork or equipment, such as off-road machinery, city buses, fire trucks, and last-mile delivery vans. Classic cars with high affection values that have been e-retrofitted illustrate that E-retrofit is technically feasible, though these enthusiast conversions are typically performed at high economic cost per vehicle and with negligible impact on overall fleet emissions. The E-retrofit process includes selecting a donor vehicle, calculating energy needs, assessing total cost of ownership, designing and installing an electric drivetrain, and re-certifying the vehicle for road use. Various stakeholders are involved in this process, including E-retrofit kit developers who can develop and sell generic or vehicle model specific solutions. However, there are significant technical and cost barriers, including the integration of proprietary OEM vehicle control units (VCUs), often requiring manual adjustments and software modifications. Existing ICEV architectures also complicate battery placement, potentially affecting range, weight distribution, and needs for reinforcements, making re- certification and homologation more complex.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decarbonizing heavy-duty engines : advanced optical diagnostics for sustainable gaseous fuel combustion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the pressing challenge of decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation, this thesis explores advanced combustion strategies using sustainable gaseous fuels, specifically hydrogen and methane, in internal combustion engines (ICEs). While electrification remains difficult to implement in long-haul applications due to energy density and infrastructure limitations, this work identifies and refines alternative pathways that retain the practicality of ICEs while mitigating their environmental impact. A core innovation in this research is the application of advanced optical diagnostics, including high-speed imaging, natural luminosity, Schlieren imaging, and laser-induced fluorescence, to capture in-cylinder combustion phenomena in unprecedented detail. This enables a real-time, spatially resolved understanding of fuel behavior, air-fuel mixing, jet-wall interactions, and late-cycle oxidation under engine-relevant conditions. The thesis also presents the first comprehensive optical investigation of gaseous fuel jets in the context of unconventional piston bowl geometries, specifically the wave piston. Originally developed for diesel engines, the wave piston's impact on hydrogen and methane direct injection (DI) is explored both experimentally and computationally.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal insulation of the combustion chamber in a light duty diesel engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reduction of heat loss from the combustion chamber in an engine has great potential to decrease fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Research on thermal barrier coatings (TBC) has been performed since the early eighties to address this potential. However, reported results for engine efficiency improvements with insulation show a large spread and there is no consensus on the actual benefits of TBCs. The purpose of this PhD project was to make an accurate assessment of state-of-the-art TBCs and establish what coating properties are required to improve indicated engine efficiency. Cylinder pressure data and measured heat losses to the piston cooling oil in a light duty single cylinder engine formed the basis for the experimental research. A robust and automated measurement method was developed and combined with statistical modeling of the data. Plasma sprayed yttria stabilized zirconia and anodized alumina were selected to establish the effectiveness of state-of-the-art TBCs. These coatings, applied on the piston top, did not improve indicated efficiency. The high surface roughness of the coatings was an important contributor to the poor performance. Experiments with a novel coating technology: suspension plasma spraying and a new material gadolinium-zirconate, led to a slightly improved indicated efficiency. Details in the heat release analysis indicated that the high open porosity in this coating might lead to increased heat losses and fuel entrainment. An investigation of possible charge entrainment effects in a standard plasma sprayed zirconia thermal barrier coating was performed, using a combination of engine experiments, CFD simulations and a 0D crevice model. The crevice model predicted the observed deviations of the apparent rate of heat release surprisingly well, which is strong evidence for the existance and significance of this crevice effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:17:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards sustainable heavy-duty transportation : combustion and emissions using renewable fuels in a compression ignition engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344730</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, transportation accounts for approx. one sixth of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally, and heavy-duty trucks are responsible for almost 30% of that. When fossil diesel fuel is burned in a compression ignition engine, known as a diesel engine, it releases large amounts of CO2, a GHG, into the air. GHGs confine heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming. Furthermore, the emissions are polluting air locally, having negative impact on human health and nature, but also some are adding to the global warming effects. Renewable diesel-like fuels, RME (rapeseed oil methyl ester) and HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil), and light renewable or less carbon-intense alcohols, methanol and ethanol, as well as blended fuel E85 (ethanol and gasoline), can be used to reduce net CO2 emissions, particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants from the engine. They are available on the market and can be fed to diesel engines without major hardware modifications or by using the available technology. The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate the effect of replacing fossil diesel fuel with renewable fuels, on the performance and local exhaust emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. In experimental studies, particle size distributions in the exhaust were compared to those of fossil diesel. The origin of PM from these less-sooting fuels was studied. The compositions of organic aerosol (OA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from HVO, RME and fossil diesel were analyzed, and the effect of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) was evaluated. Formation of SOA in the atmosphere was simulated by aging emissions in an oxidation flow reactor. The nanostructure of the soot when operating on RME, diesel, methanol or ethanol was studied. finally, the viability of using E85 fuel in a production truck engine was tested.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:24:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344730</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental evaluation of renewable drop-in fuel blends for compression ignition engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while meeting the growing demand for mobility, the transport sector is shifting towards more sustainable and less polluting energy sources. Although vehicle electrification is advancing, it will take decades for electric vehicles to completely replace all current vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. In the meantime, it may be possible to reduce the emissions originating from transport by replacing fossil Diesel fuel with renewable alternatives suitable for use in compression ignition combustion engines. Fuels that can be used in existing engines without modification of hardware or calibration settings are called drop-in fuels. The scientific contribution of this dissertation is an experimental evaluation of potential drop-in fuel blends for the use in a compression ignition engine. The main component of each studied blend was either a long-chain alcohol or poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ether (OME3−5) blended with hydrotreated vegetable oil and rapeseed methyl ester as well as fossil Diesel fuel in some cases. The performance and emissions of the different fuel blends were investigated experimentally in heavy duty and light duty single cylinder research engines. Some of the long-chain alcohol blends were also investigated in a heavy duty multicylinder engine as well as in optical spray experiments using a high-pressure/high-temperature constant volume chamber.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:06:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On Board Diagnose (OBD)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1928886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Durch die Weiterentwicklung der Motoren und der Abgasnachbehandlung ist eine veränderte Emissionssituation bei Kraftfahrzeugen entstanden. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Stickoxidnachbehandlungssysteme bei Dieselfahrzeugen. Die Prüfung und Steuerung der Verbrennung und der Abgasnachbehandlungssysteme erfolgt zunehmend mit Sensoren und Plausibilitätsanalysen, welche unter anderem über Diagnosejobs validiert werden, die über die On-Board Diagnostik (OBD) eingeleitet werden. Die OBD gewinnt damit zunehmend für die Erfassung der Emissionen an Bedeutung. Mit Blick auf die Anpassung an den aktuellen Stand sowie die Weiterentwicklung der Abgasuntersuchung (AU) ist das Ziel dieses Forschungsprojekts, durch eine weit gefasste Recherche einen Überblick über die OBD im Bereich der Emissionsmessung zu erarbeiten. Dieser Überblick betrifft den Status Quo der aktuellen Richtlinien, Verordnungen und die praktische Ausführung in den am Markt befindlichen Fahrzeugen. Des Weiteren sollen durch die Studie die digitalen Übertragungsmöglichkeiten und das damit verbundene Entwicklungspotenzial für die Periodisch-Technische Inspektion (PTI) benannt werden. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The further development of engines and exhaust gas aftertreatment has resulted in a changed emission situation for motor vehicles. This includes, among other things, the nitrogen oxide aftertreatment systems in diesel vehicles. The testing and control of combustion and exhaust aftertreatment systems is increasingly carried out with sensors and plausibility analyses, which are validated, among other things, by diagnostic jobs initiated via on-board diagnostics (OBD). OBD is thus becoming increasingly important for the recording of emissions. In view of the adaptation to the current status as well as the further development of the exhaust emission test (AU), the aim of this research project is to develop an overview of OBD in the field of emission measurement by means of a broad research. This overview concerns the status quo of the current directives, regulations and the practical implementation in the vehicles on the market. Furthermore, the study is to identify the digital transmission possibilities and the associated development potential for the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI). (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 04:38:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1928886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling and Optimization of a Plug-in Hybrid Urban Microbus</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban buses must deal with the challenge of decreasing local nuisances such as air pollution and noise. Hybrid driveline could be a technological response to these requirements. In this context, the Transport and Environment Lab of the INRETS is collaborating with a French body manufacturer with the aim to develop and optimize a plug-in series hybrid microbus. Our study is lead as following: 1. Understand the microbus operation thanks to measurement done on bus site operating conditions. 2. Develop a complete model of the vehicle based on the LTE developed VEHLIB library. 3. Propose and implement a new energy management laws in order to optimize the consumption of the internal combustion engine and the distance driven per battery charge. Our paper deals with the second and a part of the third objective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:14:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Calcined Clays as Pozzolanic Additions in Portland Cement Concrete Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of clay sources in the state of Florida were characterized in this study. It was determined that field material contains a substantial portion of sand, approximately 65-80%, which needs to be beneficially processed before the material can be used as a pozzolan. The clay fraction met the chemical oxide composition requirements of ASTM C618. All samples had a sum of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 oxides above 70%, and their SO3 content was below 4%. Additionally, the clay fraction had a high kaolinite content, 70-90%, which indicates a good potential of producing a high-quality pozzolanic material on calcination. It was determined that complete dehydroxylation of all the clay samples occurred at 600˚C and that further heating to 800˚C did not increase the amorphous content of the calcined clays. Pozzolanic activity of the material calcined at 600˚C was evaluated by compressive strength testing at 7 and 28 days at a replacement level of 10%. The results showed that the Florida clays obtained can be calcined for use in portland cement concrete materials, and are capable of yielding strength indices meeting the requirements of ASTM C618 at a 10% replacement level, and are, therefore, suitable for use in concrete as Class N natural pozzolans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Nov 2018 09:20:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Choice of Precipitant and Calcination Temperature of Precursor for Synthesis of NiCo2O4 for Control of CO-CH4 Emissions from CNG Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compressed natural gas (CNG) is most appropriate an alternative of conventional fuel for automobiles. However, emissions of carbon-monoxide and methane from such vehicles adversely affect human health and environment. Consequently, to abate emissions from CNG vehicles, development of highly efficient and inexpensive catalysts is necessary. Thus, the present work attempts to scan the effects of precipitants (Na2CO3, KOH and urea) for nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) catalysts prepared by co-precipitation from nitrate solutions and calcined in a lean CO-air mixture at 400degreeC. The catalysts were used for oxidation of a mixture of CO and CH4 (1:1). The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface-area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; temperature programmed reduction and Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. The Na2CO3 was adjudged as the best precipitant for production of catalyst, which completely oxidized CO-CH4 mixture at the lowest temperature (T100=350degreeC). Whereas, for catalyst prepared using urea, T100=362degreeC. On the other hand the conversion of CO-CH4 mixture over the catalyst synthesized by KOH limited to 97% even beyond 400degreeC. Further, the effect of higher calcination temperatures of 500 and 600degreeC was examined for the best catalyst. The total oxidation of the mixture was attained at higher temperatures of 375 and 410degreeC over catalysts calcined at 500 and 600degreeC respectively. Thus, the best precipitant established was Na2CO3 and the optimum calcination temperature of 400degreeC was found to synthesize the NiCo2O4 catalyst for the best performance in CO-CH4 oxidation]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:05:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508153</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combustion of alternative vehicle fuels in internal combustion engines: a report on engine performance from combustion of alternative fuels based on literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alternative fuels can reduce green-house-gas emissions from the transport sector. This report shows that several of the alternative fuels, such as methanol, ethanol, higher alcohols, RME, HVO, DME, biogas/CNG, work well in several different engine concepts. Energy consumption is in most cases similar to that of diesel or gasoline with the exception of methanol and ethanol that offer reductions, especially in SI-engines. Alternative fuels are considered safe and in most cases associated with strong risk reduction with respect to cancer, other health aspects and environmental issues, something that is rarely acknowledged. Apart from differences in handling, whether the fuel is gaseous or liquid, emissions of soot, NOx, HC and CO vary between the fuels, although the levels typically are lower than for gasoline or diesel. The comparably small differences during engine operation indicate that production and distribution will have higher significance when it comes to the environmental performance and operating costs of the different alternative fuels. Methanol has in other reports been suggested as a promising candidate since it can be produced effectively and affordably from biomass and as an electrofuel. This report concludes that methanol works well as an engine fuel, with low energy consumption, low emissions and low environmental and health impact. Methanol is, however, not unproblematic. It requires special attention to prevent corrosion and needs to be denatured. RME and ethanol are already established and work well in engines. So do biogas/CNG and RME. Just as diesel and gasoline co-exist, there is good reason to use several alternative fuels in parallel. For example, increased amounts of RME in diesel and ethanol + methanol in gasoline (to fit the E85 system) are relevant steps forward that essentially rely on current engine technology. New combustion engine concepts can be co-developed with new fuels and lead to further reductions in energy consumption. Increased hybridization and integration with the electricity grid provide better energy utilization as well as a potential for further reduction of fuel consumption from new engine operation strategies. This enables realistic opportunities for sustainable alternative fuel production as well as energy secure and environmentally sustainable transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 2018 10:27:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506463</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines: a literature review on fuel properties to guide future fuel candidates for internal combustion engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506462</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Present report summarizes current sources of fuels, specifications and standards used in vehicle applications. From this start point a survey on published possible future alternative biobased fuels is summarized and data on these fuels are presented in relation to parameters and properties described in current fuel standards. Gaps in fuel data and two proposed research areas in connection to fuel properties are presented. 1. Study on the fuel system interaction with alternative fuels. Fuels considered should include both proposed fuels as neat fuels and as various types of blends. Questions include: Filtering of neat/blends fuels; Injection pump operation/control; Injector operation/control; Fuel solution stability and chemical stability within injection systems including high pressures, temperatures and return flow; Fuel deposits formation in tank, filters, pump and injectors. This also includes deposits influence on spray/combustion. 2. Study on the transport system implications from types of alternative fuels. This includes the powertrain as well as the vehicle configuration. Simulation capability for the systems at various levels to be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 2018 10:27:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506462</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristics of fresh and aged carbonaceous aerosol from anthropogenic combustion sources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emissions from anthropogenic combustion sources, such as light duty vehicles and small scale biomass combustion, contribute significantly to ambient aerosol particle concentrations both on local and global scales. These emissions have controlling impacts on public health and global climate. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate how atmospheric transformation and combustion conditions affect the health and climate relevant characteristics of anthropogenic combustion aerosol. The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from photo-oxidized gasoline vehicle exhaust was studied in a smog chamber. The physical and chemical properties of particulate emissions from small scale biomass combustion were investigated as a function of burn rate with on-line instrumentation including differential mobility analyzer-aerosol particle mass analysis (DMA-APM) and aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). Samples of fresh and aged biomass combustion aerosol were collected to investigate the toxicological properties. Finally, the mass-mobility relationship and mixing state of urban aerosol were investigated with the DMA-APM technique. SOA production clearly dominated over primary organic emissions for gasoline vehicle exhaust, opposite to diesel exhaust. Up to 60% of the SOA formed from gasoline vehicle exhaust originated from traditional light aromatic SOA precursors, significantly higher than previous data for diesel exhaust. Particulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified with high time resolution during different phases of the combustion cycle. PAH emissions were a factor seven higher for high burn rate compared to nominal operation of the wood stove. The majority of PAHs was emitted during the intermediate (flaming) phase of the combustion. Three main types of biomass combustion particles were found: spherical organic aerosol, soot agglomerates and compact inorganic ash particles. The combustion conditions affected the mass mobility relationship of the aerosol from full combustion cycles. Effects on cell viability were strongest for less efficient combustion (high PAHs and OA fraction). The genotoxic response increased upon dark aging with ozone, possibly due to PAH degradation products. The particles observed during the urban campaign could be divided into two groups according to their mass-mobility relationship, soot (less compact) and long-range transport particles (more compact). The long-range transport particles were to a higher extent present during days of polluted easterly winds. The soot particles in urban air had similar properties as soot particles emitted from diesel engines in laboratory studies. The results presented in this thesis show that the physical, chemical and toxicological properties of carbonaceous aerosol from combustion are affected by source, combustion conditions and atmospheric aging. This needs to be taken into account when assessing health and climate effects of aerosol particles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:16:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463144</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>