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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of Initial Stress Anisotropy on Small-Strain Properties of Fiber-reinforced Calcareous Sand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research presents the effects of using glass fibers as an eco-friendly additive on the small-strain properties of calcareous sand, commonly found in coastal and land reclamation areas. A series of resonant column tests were conducted on Hormoz calcareous sand, reinforced with randomly distributed glass fibers, under isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions. The results showed that glass fibers increased the small-strain shear modulus. Moreover, with increasing confining pressure, the optimal fiber content decreased from 2% to 1% (by weight). The damping ratio slightly decreased with 2% fiber content but increased with 1%. Overall, both shear modulus and damping ratio were increased with an appropriate amount of glass fiber reinforcement. The results of all tests indicated that initial stress anisotropy increased the shear modulus. However, fiber content and initial stress anisotropy had a negligible effect on the normalized shear modulus. In this study, an empirical relationship was also proposed to estimate the ratio between the maximum shear modulus under anisotropic and isotropic stress conditions. This relationship was validated using a comprehensive laboratory dataset, and it was found to depend only on the initial stress anisotropy and to be independent of confining pressure, fiber content, particle shape, or void ratio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 09:47:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the particle size effect of calcareous sand using a critical state-based model with the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategies algorithm optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The particle size of natural calcareous sands (CSs) varies significantly. It is of great interest for engineering practice if the mechanical behaviours of coarse-grained CSs can be easily extended from behaviours of fine-grained CSs using a constitutive model, for which the size effect is the key issue. For this purpose, consolidation-drained triaxial shear test results on CSs with five varying particle sizes were first re-interpreted to reveal this effect. The critical state-based constitutive model of sand (SIMSAND model) considering particle breakage effect was adopted for describing the mechanical behaviours of CSs. The optimization theory with the algorithm of covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategies (CMA-ES) was integrated with SIMSAND for identifying model parameters of five CSs. The applicability of the SIMSAND model to CS and the rationality of the CMA-ES algorithm in determining model parameters were thus verified. Then, six size-dependent parameters were selected according to the model parameter analysis of five CSs. Six relationships between the size-dependent parameters and the particle size were proposed based on three CSs, together with which the SIMSAND model can consider both particle size and breakage effects. The model’s rationality was further validated by simulating tests of another two CSs (one for interpolation and the other for extrapolation). The findings can lay a foundation for the prediction of mechanical behaviours in CSs with varying particle sizes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2025 19:47:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564518</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of stress paths on cyclic behavior of marine calcareous sand for transportation infrastructure applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568527</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a new type of granular backfill material, calcareous sand is widely used in the construction of marine transportation infrastructure. And they are subjected to complex irregular long-term dynamic loading such as that from waves, traffic and even earthquakes. In this paper, 22 groups of undrained cyclic shear tests were performed with calcareous sand under various cyclic stress ratios and cyclic stress paths. The influence mechanism of stress path on the cyclic shear behavior of calcareous sand was investigated. The results show that the ultimate residual pore pressure at critical state was not affected by cyclic stress ratios and paths. But the cyclic shear behaviors of calcareous sand including failure pore water pressure and long-term deformation were changed significantly. Axial load plays a dominant role in each stress path. A stress path parameter ω was proposed to characterize the vertical shaking impact of cyclic stress paths with different initial orientation of the σ1 axis to vertical ασ0. And a power function of ω was used to describe the involvement level of soil skeleton in anti-liquefaction. This parameter performs well in representing cyclic stress paths with different orientation to the vertical. A series of formulas were proposed to predict the failure residual pore pressure and the long-term cumulative deformation behavior of calcareous sand. More accurate shakedown discriminant boundaries suitable for almost unbroken calcareous sand were proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568527</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Permanent deformation and particle crushability of calcareous sands under cyclic traffic-induced loadings through simple shear apparatus</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on investigating permanent deformations, encompassing normal and shear strains, of calcareous sandy soils subjected to drained cyclic traffic-induced loadings. The investigation utilizes a Simple Shear (SS) apparatus allowing for variations in both normal and shear stress components over each cycle and incorporates Principal Stress Rotation (PSR), a feature not replicable in conventional cyclic uniaxial triaxial tests which is the key aspect of this research. The study also accounts for the harmonically changing the effective horizontal stress resulting from cyclic variations of effective vertical stress, conducted under a horizontally constrained boundary condition with zero lateral strain. A series of drained cyclic simple shear experiments is carried out, implementing a heart-shaped stress path, encompassing up to 1000 cycles. The objective of the study is to analyze permanent normal and shear deformations, along with associated total particle crushing, using both sieving analyses and 2D image processing of particles. The study also evaluates the impact of an initial static shear stress originating from the longitudinal slope of roads. The findings highlight the influences of induced cyclic amplitudes of stress components, principal stress and strain rate rotation, and initial static shear stress on the development of permanent strains. Furthermore, the research characterizes particle crushability in terms of total crushability over such loading, examining its dependency on relative density and variations in both shear and normal stress components.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 10:39:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a modified cement stabilized calcareous sand material with high strength and heavy metal ion adsorption for island pavement bases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2426889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of a modified cement stabilized calcareous sand (MCSCS) material with high strength, low carbon and heavy metal ions adsorption capacities is crucial for the eco-friendly construction of islands pavement bases. This study utilized natural zeolite powder (ZP) and three supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to develop MCSCS. The macro properties and micro mechanisms of MCSCS were analyzed using various experiments. The results indicated that while ZP alone reduced the mechanical properties of MCSCS, making it unsuitable for airport pavement bases, combining ZP with SCMs significantly improved these properties due to the synergistic effects of the pozzolanic reaction, achieving strengths up to 5.31 MPa. Microscopic analysis revealed that the competitive adsorption of Ca²⁺ by ZP resulted in a looser microstructure, whereas SCMs promoted the formation of calcium silicate hydrate, calcium aluminate silicate hydrate and tobermorite, leading to a denser microstructure. The cation-exchange and hydroxyl group binding properties of ZP, combined with the physisorption and chemical binding of the hydration products from SCMs, significantly enhanced the heavy metal ion adsorption of MCSCS. The maximum removal rates of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ by MCSCS were 81.64 %, 76.26 %, 71.39 % and 65.11 %, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 16:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2426889</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilization of calcareous subgrade soils with polyelectrolytes: mechanisms and mechanical properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Organic polyelectrolytes, i.e. anionic poly(sodium 4-styrenesulphonate) (PSS), cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and their polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were evaluated for stabilisation of calcareous sandy subgrade soil. This paper investigated the effects of polymer type, surface charge type of PEC, concentrations of PEC solutions and dosages of polymer solutions added to the soil on improvement of soil mechanical properties. We found that anionic polymers, for both PECs and individual polyelectrolytes, were superior to their cationic counterparts in improving soil strength. Besides, the constituent polyelectrolytes, PSS and PDADMAC, worked better than their PECs for the specific soil investigated. The strength of polymer-treated soils was also found to increase with the increase in dosages of the polymer solutions as well as curing periods. Furthermore, polymer-treated soil specimens exhibited significant toughness improvement, which was higher than cement-treated samples. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the abundance of long palygorskite fibres covering the surfaces of larger calcite and dolomite particles and linking surrounding aggregates after adding polymers. This observation suggests the interconnection of palygorskite fibres and their linking networks between and among coarse aggregates as the likely mechanism of polymer stabilisation of the soil studied.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Feb 2024 16:14:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strength mechanism and electrochemical characterization of cement-bonded calcareous sand in different water environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2174333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cement-bonded calcareous sand (C-BCS) can effectively enhance the strength of calcareous sand, which is widely in infrastructure construction on islands in the South China Sea, and can fulfil the engineering requirements of island pavement subbase. However, the enhancement mechanisms and meso-generalized structural characteristics of C-BCS under different water environments and cement dosages are unclear. In this study, the authors consider the unconfined compressive strength as an evaluation index to quantify the degree of hydration reaction, change of hydration products, and meso-generalized structure of C-BCS in freshwater and seawater. The authors performed analyses using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that C-BCS can satisfy the strength requirements of highway and airport runway subbases with 10% and 15% cement admixture, respectively. Furthermore, the corrosion deterioration phenomenon occurs and spreads in C-BCS in seawater. The internal hydration process of C-BCS can be continuously monitored using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test, and a correlation between the electrochemical and mechanical parameters at different ages is proposed. The meso-generalized structure inside the C-BCS can be densified by the bridging and pore filling effects of hydration products on calcareous sand particles, thereby improving the strength of calcareous sand. Additionally, the authors provide a concrete mechanistic explanation underlying the forming strength of C-BCS, and an optimized design approach of C-BCS considering several complex engineering properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:29:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2174333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative study on cyclic behavior of marine calcareous sand and terrigenous siliceous sand for transportation infrastructure applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calcareous sand has been used as an emerging unbound granular filler to replace siliceous sand in the construction of marine transportation infrastructure. However, the critical feasibility of and differences between using calcareous sand as a filler instead of siliceous sand have yet to be suitably assessed. In light of this, this paper presented a comparative study on the cyclic behavior of calcareous sand and siliceous sand through a series of high-cycle drained triaxial tests. To facilitate comparison, the same grain-size distribution and relative density were used for calcareous sand and siliceous sand to investigate any underlying cyclic behavior divergence caused by their respective distinctive particle shapes and breakage. Owing to the irregular and rough properties of calcareous sand particles, results showed that it exhibited stronger shear strength and resistance to permanent deformation than siliceous sand. However, during the early and middle stages of cyclic loading, the accumulation rate of permanent strain in calcareous sand was found to exceed that of siliceous sand due to its violent particle breakage habit, whereas a more severe dilatancy of calcareous sand induced by irregular particle shape was observed during the subsequent loading stage. Moreover, particle shape and particle breakage were found to have different competitive contributions to the increase of resilient modulus during different loading stages. In this work, the allowable cyclic strength ratio capable of better determining the suitable load level for a practical design was suggested. Furthermore, to capture the particle breakage extent under long-term cyclic loads, a refined hyperbolic equation was projected to model the relationship between relative particle breakage index and plastic work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 10:07:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934879</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of cement content and curing period on geotechnical properties of cement-treated calcareous sands</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calcareous sands typically have wider ring grain shapes, more significant intragranular porosity, more complex structure, and lower grain hardness, which can hardly meet the strength requirement for overlying infrastructures in ocean engineering activities. Hence, artificial materials are added to improve their mechanical behavior. Firstly, treated specimens are prepared by incorporating Portland cement into calcareous sand with 5, 7.5, and 10% contents and 3–28 days curing times to investigate the loading resistance. Then, the scanning electronic microscope test is conducted to characterize the microstructure with the hydration reaction process. The Portland cement increases the efficiency of strength enhancement since the gels of hydration products lose plasticity and hardening makes the structure denser and have more muscular strength, resulting in structure interlocking and bonding. Secondly, the triaxial consolidated drained test is performed under the confining pressure 100–400 kPa to analyze the mechanical behavior, volumetric behavior, and strength parameters. After the post-yield point, the treated specimens exhibited higher dilation, strain hardening at high cement content. In addition, maximum principal stress ratio, secant modulus, stress ratio, and cohesion increased with curing time and cement content. Moreover, an attempt is made to explain the mechanism of treated specimen strength with hydration reactions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cyclic stress-strain characteristics of calcareous sand improved by polyurethane foam adhesive</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calcareous sand is a common foundation soil which is usually used for offshore or island infrastructures such as highway embankments and airport runways. These structures are often subjected to cyclic loads (such as waves, traffic, pipeline driving, and earthquakes). However, particle breakage commonly occurs in calcareous sands, which has posed a great challenge to offshore structures in terms of increased differential settlements. To address this issue, an eco-friendly agent, i.e., Polyurethane Foam Adhesive (PFA), instead of the commonly used alkaline stabilization agents (e.g. lime, cement), was proposed to improve the engineering properties of calcareous sands. The PFA is a rigid foam consisting of Isocyanate and polymer Polyol. To examine the effectiveness of using PFA in improving the resilient properties of calcareous sands, a series of triaxial shear tests were performed using a medium-scale true triaxial apparatus equipped with a cyclic loading facility. Besides, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were conducted to reveal a microstructural mechanism of using PFA for improving calcareous sand. The experimental results provided crucial insights into the cyclic strength, resilient modulus Mr, equivalent damping ratio λ of modified calcareous sand for a range of PFA contents Rw and confining pressures σ3, as well as the mechanism of PFA solidified calcareous sand from a microscopic point of view. Useful empirical relationships among the governing parameters were established. A high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope was used to study the internal pore and particles arrangement of PFA modified specimen. The experimental findings are crucial for improving the understanding of the fragility of calcareous sand and their improvement using an eco-friendly solution in the form of PFA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 09:31:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristics of calcareous sand filler and its influence on physical and rheological properties of asphalt mastic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The composition and properties of asphalt mastic (filler and asphalt composition) play a decisive role in the performance of the asphalt mixture. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of using fine calcareous sand as mineral filler to prepare asphalt mixture. Calcareous sand was ground into powder with particle size less than 0.075 mm by planetary ball mill. The physical and chemical properties of calcareous sand filler was then examined and compared to that of the limestone filler, including Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and laser particle size analyzer. The penetration, softening point and viscosity of asphalt mastics containing calcareous sand filler were then investigated, and rheological properties were studied by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The test results indicated that calcareous sand owns similar physical properties and chemical composition to that of the limestone. The penetration and dynamic viscosity of asphalt mastics with calcareous sand filler are slightly lower than that of asphalt mastics with limestone filler. The high-temperature stability of asphalt mastics with calcareous sand filler is slightly lower than that of asphalt mastics with limestone filler, while the low-temperature performance is comparable. Overall, calcareous sand can be used as an appropriate substitute for limestone filler in asphalt mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2021 14:54:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cyclic response of a stiffened suction caisson anchor in calcareous silt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1692855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The offshore industry attempts to extend the application of suction caisson anchors in calcareous seabed sediments. However, very little data exists on the performance of caisson in calcareous soils. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into the behaviour of a stiffened caisson anchor under cyclic operational loading in lightly overconsolidated calcareous silt. A series of model tests were carried out in a beam centrifuge, varying the mudline load inclination at 0°, 20°, 40°. In each cyclic loading test, three episodes of loading were applied, varying mean load (average load in proportion to the corresponding monotonic capacity) as 30%, 50% and 70%, while the amplitude (defined as the maximum variation from the average load) and number of cycles for each episode were kept constant at 20% and 50 cycles, respectively, and then loaded monotonically. The accumulated displacement and negative excess pore pressure at the trailing side of the skirt tip increased, particularly from the second episode of cyclic loading, with decreasing mudline load inclination angle. The ratio of post-cyclic monotonic capacity to pure monotonic capacity reduced as 1.20, 1.01, and 0.90, with changes of excess pore pressure and effective stress dominating the behaviour for high load inclination angle and cyclic degradation for low load inclination angle. Comparing the results to the performance of other foundations and anchors, it was found that post-cyclic monotonic capacity depends heavily on the embedment depth of the object along with load/mooring inclination, cyclic load amplitude, and seabed material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2020 16:21:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1692855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Mixed-in-Place Pile System for Offshore Platforms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1419566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A novel mixed-in-place pile (MIDOS) has been developed by BAUER for supporting piled offshore platforms. The mechanical technology and in situ pile performance were successfully demonstrated during an in situ test in silica sand, where the tension capacity reached 9MN. This paper investigates the axial bearing capacity on one MIDOS test pile in a silica deposit where a dynamic test has been conducted using the “high-strain” testing method. The interpretation of the results was performed by means of the Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP) signal matching method. The static bearing capacity mobilized by the dynamic pressure of the load test reached 15.4MN (12.7MN skin friction and 2.7MN end bearing capacity). Analysis of the loads achieved in the dynamic test suggests that the MIDOS pile performs similarly to conventional bored piles in silica deposits with a Dr of about 80%. The research scope was subsequently extended to include laboratory studies in calcareous deposits. These investigations have shown that the MIDOS pile is a feasible foundation alternative for carbonate sand deposits where extreme compression at high confining stresses results in very low values of skin friction for driven piles. Laboratory tests on the steel-carbonate grout interface show a characteristic slip-stick response, which is thought to be related to the potential energy required to overcome interface locking followed by a relative short movement along a low resistance plane before reaching a similar interlocking resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Sep 2016 15:12:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1419566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design Unit Skin Friction for a Calcareous Soil from Drilled Shaft Load Test Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As drilled shafts have become a more popular foundation type in the Charleston, South Carolina area, there has been an ongoing goal of optimizing drilled shaft design. In the Charleston area, the primary bearing stratum for deep foundations is the Cooper Marl, a calcareous Oligocene formation. Previous research on load test data from drilled shafts constructed in the Cooper Marl was limited to three test sites for the Cooper River Bridge. In this study, new data from load tests that have been performed in the 15 years since the Cooper River Bridge load tests were performed are compiled with the Cooper River Bridge load test data, and earlier load test data, to create a larger, broader database to characterize the spatial distribution of unit skin resistance across the Cooper Marl Formation. From this data, two design unit skin resistances were obtained: one using a statistical method evaluating the 97.5% confidence interval and the other using the historical load test method. These values can be used when designing drilled shafts for sites where load tests are not performed and to improve the preliminary design of bridges where load tests will be performed. Finally, an empirical method was used to confirm the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) resistance factor currently required for design in the Cooper Marl.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2016 10:18:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Assessment of Liquefaction Occurrence in Calcareous Fill Materials of Kawaihae Harbor, Hawaii</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1399797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The simplified shear-wave velocity (Vs)–based procedure of liquefaction potential assessment was basically developed for terrigenous deposits, whereas its applicability for calcareous soils is not fully recognized. The present study used the seismological and geotechnical data of Kawaihae Harbor, the most strategic port of Hawaii, to evaluate conservatism of the currently used simplified procedure for this case history. During the Kiholo Bay 2006 earthquake, the port experienced extensive liquefaction and subsequent ground failure in the dredged fill and natural calcareous deposits. Using the Vs profiles of the subsoil in Kawaihae Harbor, the simplified procedure and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique were used to evaluate liquefaction potential of the site through deterministic and probabilistic frameworks. The results obtained from the deterministic and the site-specific probabilistic approaches indicate extents of liquefaction occurrence in the shallow depths between 3.5 and 6.5 m. In contrast, probabilistic analysis with the available liquefaction probability--factor of safety (PL-FS) correlations resulted in an unconservative prediction, with the liquefied depth ranging between 5.6 and 6.1 m. Results of this study confirm that the current simplified procedure with either deterministic or site-specific probabilistic frameworks obtained reliable estimation of liquefaction occurrence in the studied site. However, further case histories of liquefaction occurrence in calcareous deposits are required to clarify applicability of the simplified procedure for such materials. Based on the results of the current study, there is still potential for liquefaction occurrence in the studied site during future earthquakes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1399797</guid>
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