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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Buckling characteristics of the bucket foundation during installation into silty sand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2654162</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Caissons are widely used in offshore wind turbine (OWT) engineering. The buckling problem is a critical issue for caissons, introducing uncertainty during installation. This study explores the buckling problem of caisson installation in silty sand, conducted using finite element analysis, with the aim of proposing an accurate prediction method for the buckling capacity of caissons. The numerical model was compared with previously published data, and good agreement was obtained. Subsequently, a detailed parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of various factors, including caisson geometric parameters, soil properties, and penetration depth. Based on the numerical analysis, a buckling failure mechanism was identified, and a corresponding critical buckling capacity prediction method that considers the effect of caisson geometry, soil properties, and penetration depth was developed. The findings of this study can provide guidance for the design and construction of caissons used for offshore engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2654162</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The dynamic response analysis of a caisson-supported bridge tower under second-order wave loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611629</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A framework for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of a caisson-supported bridge tower subjected to second-order wave loads is proposed. On the basis of the potential flow theory, perturbation expansion technique and higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM), the first- and second-order wave diffraction models for the caisson foundation are set up. ANSYS is employed to establish the structural finite element (FE) model. The bridge tower and caisson foundation are modeled with beam elements and soil-caisson interaction is taken into account by nonlinear spring elements. To match the wave diffraction model and the beam element model of the structure, the wave loads that distribute along the water depth are acquired by circumferential integration of the hydrodynamic pressure over wet body surface of the caisson foundation. The Newmark time integration scheme is implemented for time-marching. Detailed numerical computations are then conducted to investigate the impact of the wave frequency, wave incident angle and wave amplitude on the displacement responses at the top of the bridge tower. The numerical analyses reveal that when the second-order wave frequency matches the structural natural frequency, the top displacement in the principal direction of the excited structural mode shape is amplified significantly. The resonance effect between the second-harmonic wave force and the bridge tower gets enhanced when the wave incident direction becomes parallel to the principal direction of the excited structural mode shape or when the wave amplitude increases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:36:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611629</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic analysis of a novel prefabricated permeable eco–friendly wharf with multi–compartment suction buckets and perforated circular caissons serving as breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional bottom–founded breakwaters hinder water exchange, impede aquatic species migration, and restrict pollutant dispersion while altering seabed morphology and hydrodynamics, thereby degrading port ecosystems. Concurrently, the enlargement of ships and deepening of berths are critical trends in port development. To address these issues and enhance berth depth, this study presents an innovative integrated prefabricated permeable deep–water ecological wharf structure that merges breakwater functionality with multi–compartment suction buckets and perforated circular caissons. This structure offers robust foundation adaptability and durability, encompassing multiple functions such as wave dissipation, water exchange, ecological connectivity, and clean energy integration. A numerical wave flume model was developed to systematically evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of the structure, including wave attenuation and pressure distribution. The results indicate that transmitted wave heights under all tested conditions meet the limits specified in the Chinese Design Code of General Layout for Sea Ports (JTS 165–2013). As the incident wave height increases, transmitted wave height experiences a slight increase, while the transmission coefficient slightly decreases, ranging from 0.10 to 0.13. Both parameters increase with wave period, though their growth rates slow during the transition from short to long–period waves. Enhanced porosity improves the transmission coefficient, suggesting that the opening layout should be optimised. Wave pressures at the seaward non–opening sections are approximately 90 % of those on conventional vertical walls, and openings significantly reduce local wave pressure. Wave forces increase linearly with wave height and period, decrease with porosity, and follow quadratic relationships with porosity. These findings support the practical application of this structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of machine learning in caisson inclination prediction: model performance comparison and interpretability analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study combines data denoising techniques with TabPFN (Tabular Prior-data Fitted Network) model to address tilt prediction challenges in ultra-deep caissons. Using the Ligang Water Plant project as a case study, Savitzky-Golay filtering was applied for data denoising, and 611 samples were obtained through stratified sampling. Comparing nine machine learning algorithms, TabPFN demonstrated significant advantages, achieving R² values of 0.994 and 0.992 for east–west and north–south predictions with RMSE values of 10.34 mm and 9.51 mm respectively. Small-sample analysis revealed that TabPFN maintains superior performance with only 10 % training data, significantly outperforming traditional algorithms under data-scarce conditions. Feature dependency analysis identified key factors: sinking depth showed a critical turning point at 30–40 m stratum transition; soil elastic modulus exhibited larger SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values at higher values; and sinking rate remained stable at lower rates while high-speed sinking led to unpredictable tilt risks. This method avoids complex parameter tuning while demonstrating excellent small-sample learning capability, providing practical technical support for ultra-deep underground structure construction safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 10:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Static Stiffness Assessment of Skirted Caissons Supporting Offshore Wind Turbines Using FSAFEM with Emphasis on Soil/Caisson Interface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571600</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The adoption of skirted caissons as the foundation for offshore wind turbines is gaining momentum as a promising alternative to large-diameter monopiles, which often involve high construction, manufacturing, and installation costs. This study investigates the behavior of an embedded skirted caisson subjected to monotonic horizontal and moment loading using the Fourier series aided finite element method (FSAFEM). This method analyzes horizontal, rocking, and coupled displacement modes, expressed through stiffness factors under two distinct soil–caisson interface conditions. The foundation is embedded in non-homogeneous soil, where the shear modulus varies with depth following a power law. The method’s accuracy is confirmed through comparison with other rigorous numerical solutions. A dedicated computer program is employed to perform a parametric investigation, focusing on the evolution of stiffness coefficients with changes in flexibility, slenderness ratio, and the depth-dependent soil stiffness parameter. Results are presented graphically, illustrating stiffness coefficients for three different soil stiffness profiles and two interface conditions. The range of values, bounded by those of perfectly rough and perfectly smooth interfaces, provides practical insight for estimating foundation stiffness. The study highlights how interface conditions and soil variability significantly affect the caisson’s response, offering valuable guidance for engineering design in offshore applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:05:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571600</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing misalignment effects on undrained HV capacity of caisson anchors in heterogeneous clays using a gradient Boosting–Differential evolution framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2560138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Misalignment is a critical factor influencing the horizontal-vertical (HV) load capacity of caisson foundation anchors. This study employs Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) integrated with a Gradient Boosting–Differential Evolution (GB-DE) framework to systematically investigate the impact of misalignment angles (β = 0°–90°) across varying embedment ratios (L/D) and soil heterogeneity levels (κ). Results reveal that the HV capacity increases with the load inclination angle β. This effect is amplified with greater embedment depth and influenced by the degree of soil heterogeneity, highlighting the complex interaction between geometric and geotechnical parameters. The findings demonstrate that misalignment can enhance soil-structure interaction, leading to increased resistance capacity. The GB-DE model achieves high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.999), highlighting its effectiveness in optimizing caisson anchor performance under misaligned conditions. These insights emphasize the importance of incorporating misalignment considerations into anchor design to improve load-bearing efficiency and structural stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:05:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2560138</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and numerical study of a wet-towing system for multi-bucket jacket wind turbines considering air compressibility in suction caissons</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Offshore wind energy is widely regarded as a promising solution for achieving global net-zero emissions, with wind turbine installations progressively expanding into far-offshore regions. The jacket foundation with multiple suction buckets has emerged as a feasible option for deep-water applications due to its ease of installation and retrieval. To reduce offshore transportation costs, this paper studies a novel wet-towing approach, in which a supplementary floater is employed to enhance the stability of the foundation during towing. Firstly, a prototype of the towing system and a 1:67.5 scale experimental model are developed. A series of experiments, including free-decay tests, regular wave response tests, and towing tests, are conducted to examine the hydrodynamic behavior of the system. Then, a numerical model is established to integrate seakeeping and maneuvering theories and incorporate the effects of air compressibility within the caissons to simulate the dynamic response of the towing system under various sea conditions. To improve model fidelity, linear and nonlinear damping coefficients are estimated based on experimental data. Numerical results show good agreement with experimental observations in most cases. The results further indicate that the presence of compressible air in the caissons increases the natural periods in heave and pitch by approximately 3.5 %, while the heave damping is reduced by 16 % and the pitch damping is increased by 25 %. Finally, the performance of the towing system is evaluated under a circular route, accounting for realistic met-ocean conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:05:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568208</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Efficiency of Permeable Caissons Barriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2536253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Breakwaters are constructed to protect beaches and ports from high storms and waves. By bringing calm to the port, breakwaters also increase ship safety and operation. This paper presents a study of the breakwater partially submerged in water, consisting of precast concrete caissons suspended on a spaced pile, experimentally and numerically, to assess the efficacy of hydrodynamics. A set of scenarios were simulated for the proposed breakwater using FLOW-3D numerical modeling. It turned out that the coefficient of wave transmission (Kt) increases with relative barrier draft and decreases with relative breakwater width. When the waves impacting breakwater are relatively short, their effectiveness rises. As the seafloor slope increases, kt decreases. The suggested breakwater disperses the waves and reduces the wave speed behind it. The wave velocities and vortices surrounding the breakwater decrease as the wave period (T) increases. In front of the barrier and at the wave crest, hydrodynamic pressure is at its peak. The numerically simulated results using FLOW-3D program are consistent with the experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:33:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2536253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operability analysis for collaborative caisson towing using multiple towlines in shallow waters with complex seabed topography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2513405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Caissons, typically transported via towing, face significant challenges in shallow waters, including limited passability, grounding risk, and restricted maneuverability. Conventional wet- and dry-towing methods have proven inadequate due to vessel constraints and depth limitations. Instead, the present study proposes a multi-towline collaborative towing method based on a framework of cable-driven parallel robots to enhance operational flexibility. To consider complex shallow-water seabed topography and prevent caissons from hitting the seabed, an operability analysis framework can be used to evaluate environmental conditions (ECs) through a discretized bathymetry map, converting elevation data into seabed wedge modules. This probabilistic methodology integrates potential flow theory results validated by computational fluid dynamics with time-domain multi-body simulations for extreme value analysis. A distance-based criterion is employed to assess caisson passability under specific ECs. Parametric analysis across varying water depths, slopes, and aspects is used to establish characteristic distances and a data-driven approach employed to explore any nonlinear relationships, enabling passable region determination. The results demonstrate that seabed slope and aspect significantly influence caisson hydrodynamics, with water depth, slope, and aspect collectively determining passable regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2025 11:41:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2513405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability analysis on the positioning of steel caisson foundations during submerging stage under complex marine conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The positioning and submerging stages in construction process of the large prefabricated steel caisson foundations for sea-crossing bridges will be seriously threatened by complex marine conditions, including extreme waves and currents. An in-depth analysis on the dynamic performance of steel caisson foundations during the positioning and submerging stages under extreme waves and currents is of great importance for the accuracy of positioning, stability of submerging, and construction safety of steel caisson foundations. A three-dimensional Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) model for a steel caisson foundation has been developed in this study by using LS-DYNA finite element program. The accuracy of the three-dimensional Fluid-Structure Interaction model was validated with second-order Stokes wave analytical solutions and the existing flume experimental results. Subsequently, the validated numerical model has been used to investigate the effects of different wave parameters, current velocities, anchor cable detailing, submerging positions, and wave-current incident directions on the wave-current loads and motion responses experienced by the steel caisson foundation during the positioning and submerging process. The results obtained indicate the following findings. (1) Compared with the consideration of the current velocities alone, the horizontal force and displacements (including X displacement and inclination) for steel caisson structure produced by the combined action of wave and current have been increased at least by 86.34 %, 25.15 %, and 112.96 %, respectively. (2) As the distance between the bottom of the steel caisson structure and the seabed decreases from 7 m to 3 m, the maximum horizontal force and X displacement for the steel caisson structure have been increased by approximately 41.90 % and 50.62 %, respectively, while the maximum inclination of the steel caisson structure decreases by about 31.06 %. (3) The varying wave and current incident directions in complex sea conditions significantly affect the stability of the steel caisson foundation, with the maximum inclination and displacement increasing by approximately 781.03 % and 677.13 %, respectively, when the angle changes from 0° to 90° under specific anchor cable arrangements. (4) The anchor cable proposed in this study can effectively enhance the stability of steel caisson foundations during the positioning and submerging stages under complex marine conditions with varying wave and current directions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 08:55:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Based Seismic Design of Large Caissons Using Simple Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2209165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large rectangular box Caissons are used occasionally to support bridge superstructures. This paper presents a simplified method for evaluating the seismic performance of caissons. A theoretical approach was developed, using basic principles of structural mechanics and the half-space theory, to determine the deformation capacity curve. The capacity spectrum approach was used to evaluate the performance for a specific seismic event. This simple method compared favorably to finite element (FE) methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2024 15:57:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2209165</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simplified Approach for Estimating Caisson Spacing and Post Construction Loads in a Caisson Wall</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the results of post construction monitoring of a caisson wall system used to stabilize a landslide that impacted a roadway on a steep alluvial bank along the Ohio River in eastern Ohio. From the post construction monitoring, a simplified approach for evaluating the spacing of the wall system and estimating current loads on the caissons, within the pre-defined failure surface, has been developed. The approach includes the development of site specific design charts, which can be readily utilized to evaluate the above criteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190806</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilization of a Roadway on a Steep Alluvial Bank Using Drilled Caissons</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents a case history for using a drilled caisson wall to stabilize a landslide that impacted a roadway on a steep alluvial bank along the Ohio River in eastern Ohio. A subsurface exploration which included: drilling SPT borings, installing and monitoring slope inclinometers and a monitoring well, and laboratory testing of the soil and bedrock was performed to explore the geotechnical and geologic characteristics of the failed area. Based upon these results, a back-calculation slope stability analysis was performed with a pre-defined shear failure surface to determine the residual strength characteristics of the slope. Simplified design methods were then utilized to determine spacing, diameter and embedment for the caisson wall system and the resultant factor of safety. To evaluate the performance of the system and the design methods, a post-construction monitoring program was initiated, which included the installation of inclinometer casings within and behind the caissons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bending moment capacity and failure mechanism of caisson foundations under monotonic and cyclic loading in clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During service period, offshore wind turbines are subjected to both monotonic and cyclic loads, causing the rotation or translation of caisson foundations in the seabed. However, most of the existing studies focused on the performance of caisson foundations under monotonic static loading, and there are few studies about the effects of caisson-soil contact mode and soil strength reduction during installation in numerical simulations. This paper therefore systematically investigates the bending moment capacity and failure mechanism of caisson foundations under monotonic and cyclic loading in clay using finite element analyses. Three typical caisson-soil contact modes in different loading scenarios are considered, and the influence of soil strength condition, caisson aspect ratio on the bending moment capacity and failure mechanism of caisson foundations is explored. It is found that under monotonic loading, the bending moment capacity in the tensionless mode and the fully-bonded mode could be used as the lower and upper limit, respectively. Under cyclic loading, the fully-bonded mode always yields the highest moment capacity, while the frictionless mode and the tensionless mode produce the lowest in the case with small loading amplitude and the case with large loading amplitude, respectively. In addition, the behavior of cumulative angular displacement under combined load of wind and wave is also studied to provide insight for caisson foundation design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264479</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fluid resonance in the narrow gap for a ship close to the vertical caisson on impermeable and permeable beds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227940</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The behavior of fluid resonance in the narrow gap between a ship and a vertical caisson on impermeable and permeable beds is investigated. A two-dimensional viscous numerical flume with the permeable module is established, where the influence of impermeable and permeable beds on resonant behavior is focused. Numerical studies show that the existence of foundation bed decreases the resonant amplitude in the gap; while the resonant amplitude further decreases when considering the permeable effect of bed. This is mainly due to the fluid that can flow out of the box-wall system through the permeable bed. The increased influence of impermeable and permeable beds can be observed with the increase of box draft and gap breadth. Larger bed thicknesses and smaller incident wave amplitudes can also lead to more significant foundation bed effects. Finally, the influence of permeable foundation bed can also decrease the wave amplitude at the low-frequency range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Aug 2023 09:03:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227940</guid>
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