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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Intermixing Cells in an Aircraft Nickel-Cadmium Battery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tests were performed at the Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center by the Fire Safety Team of the Airport and Aircraft Research and Development Group to determine if intermixing different manufacturer cells within an aircraft nickel-cadmium battery has an effect on battery performance and if any such effect results in a safety of flight issue. A series of tests from RTCA/DO-293 were conducted on two batteries, one consisting of all original equipment manufacturer (OEM) cells, and one consisting of ten OEM and ten Part Manufacturer Approval (PMA) replacement cells. The tests included several rated capacity tests, a charge stability test, a duty performance test, and an induced destructive overcharge test. Throughout the tests, only slight differences between the OEM and intermixed batteries were observed. The PMA cells consistently charged at a higher voltage; however, none of the cells exceeded the maximum voltage of 1.7 V. During some tests, individual cells showed some differences in behavior and recorded battery temperatures. The most notable difference occurred during the induced destructive overcharge tests, in which a larger number of cells from the intermixed battery recorded increased voltage readings, indicating signs of thermal runaway. The results show no indication of any safety of flight issues arising from the intermixing of OEM and PMA battery cells within a nickel-cadmium aircraft battery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 15:25:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694498</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Upcycling waste asphalt into calcium-enriched carbonaceous adsorbent for ultrafast Cd(II) immobilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The valorization of construction solid wastes into functional materials presents a dual opportunity for environmental remediation and sustainable infrastructure development. Herein, the authors successfully repurposed asphalt-based solid waste into calcium-enriched carbonaceous adsorbent through sequential pyrolysis (CAsp) and ball-milling (CAsp, bm) techniques for 4 h at a constant rotational speed of 550 rpm. It was noteworthy that both the CAsp and CAsp, bm demonstrated an ultrafast adsorption efficiency for Cd(II), achieving equilibrium within 5 min. The maximum adsorption capacity (207.54 mg/g) was obtained through pyrolysis at 900 ℃ followed by ball-milling (CAsp, bm-900). The adsorption process closely followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm, characterized by an ultrafast adsorption phase succeeded by a slower equilibrium stage. The adsorption process was spontaneous and involved multilayer adsorption, primarily governed by chemisorption mechanisms. The analysis of ions species and characterizations revealed that both pyrolysis and ball-milling processes enhanced the removal efficiency of Cd(II) by altering the surface composition and functional groups, specific surface area, and surface defects of CAsp and CAsp, bm. The primary mechanisms for Cd(II) adsorption on CAsp, bm-900 included ion exchange with Ca(II), precipitation in conjunction with CO32-, and electrostatic attraction. Unfortunately, the presence of Cu(II) and Pb(II) significantly inhibited the removal of Cd(II), attributed to their markedly higher electronegativity. This study proposes a promising strategy for fabricating cost-effective and high-efficiency adsorbents through the upcycling of waste asphalt into functional materials, thereby enabling the effective removal of heavy metals from wastewater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:31:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preparation of Copper Antimony Sulfide Thin Film Solar Cells by Chemical Synthesis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Copper Antimony Sulfide (CuSbS2) is a promising ternary semiconductor for use as an absorber layer in third-generation thin film heterojunction solar cells. This newly developed optoelectronic material offers a viable alternative to cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium di-selenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) due to its composition of inexpensive, readily available, and non-toxic elements. These films were successfully produced at an optimal substrate temperature of 533 K using the conventional spray technique. X-ray diffraction and Raman studies confirm that the films exhibit a chalcostibite structure. Characterization studies reveal that the films possess lattice parameters of a = 0.60 nm, b = 0.38 nm, and c = 1.45 nm, with an absorption coefficient of 105 cm-1 and a band gap of 1.50 eV. Notably, the films exhibit p-type conductivity. All of these studies confirm that CuSbS2 is an excellent choice for the absorber layer in solar cell applications. An attempt was made in this study to improve the crystallinity of the CuSbS2 films by different experimental conditions. (i) CuSbS2 films have been fabricated using two different carrier gases (air and nitrogen) via chemical spray pyrolytic technique. (ii) To enhance the crystallinity of these films, spray pyrolytic films have been kept on the hot plate at optimal substrate temperature for about 15 minutes. Subsequently, a CuSbS2 solar cell is developed entirely through the non-vacuum method. The absorber layer is fabricated by using the spray pyrolytic method. A n-CdS buffer layer is successfully deposited via the chemical bath technique. The cell’s efficiency increased from 0.488% to 0.54% when the absorber layer in the solar cell was left on hot substrates for about 15 minutes following the pyrolytic reaction. The study discusses how these techniques contribute to improving the efficiency of the solar cell parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 14:58:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Revealing the mechanism of pack ceiling failure induced by thermal runaway in NCM batteries: A coupled multiphase fluid-structure interaction model for electric vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2374023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Structure failure of lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack ceiling leads to the unintended release of combustible and poisonous substances during thermal runaway (TR), resulting in personnel injuries and financial losses. However, limited research has been conducted on the mechanism behind pack ceiling failures. In this study, the authors developed a coupled multiphase fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model to simulate the evolution of up-cover baffle under the TR impact of a 52 Ah NCM battery. The authors' findings reveal several important insights:1) the maximum force and temperature on the baffle are 13.01 N and 598.5 °C in experiment; 2) the simulation shows that particles exert higher temperature and greater force on the baffle compared to the gas phase; 3) the overall equivalent stress in the stainless-steel baffle surpasses the tensile strength that incurs crack on the baffles. According to the validated model, the authors find that the baffle structure failure is caused by the thermal stress from particle-structure heat conduction. Furthermore, this observation is applicable to the structure failure problems associated to the thermal runaway of high-density battery that involves enormous particles. In addition, the insulation layer is found to be more effective than the gap distance in protecting the pack ceiling. These findings offer a valuable insight into the structure design of LIB pack, and provide the guidance toward future battery integration technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 16:50:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2374023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>F-22 Aircraft Battery-Charger-Controller System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A battery-charger-controller system comprising a 28V nickel-cadmium battery and a 270 Vdc -powered charger-controller unit is described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2022 13:18:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Status of Super NiCd™ Batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1783992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the late 1980s Super NiCd™ Batteries have been used by Hughes Space and Communications, Co. (HSC), NASA, TRW, Lockheed Martin Space and Missiles Group, and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. In early flight programs with the technology, some capacity losses on long-term storage were experienced, but recently batteries with storage up to five years prior to launch are yielding within 2-3% of prestorage capacity and are demonstrating manageable performance in orbit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2022 13:18:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1783992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Replacement of Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries on Ch-53e and Mh-53e Aircraft with Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1802387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will summarize the details of replacing the CH-53E and MH-53E crashworthy batteries to improve system reliability, safety of flight and to reduce battery maintenance and battery maintenance costs. A flight evaluation program is presently underway at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) New River, North Carolina to validate the proposed change from Sealed Nickel-Cadmium (SNC) batteries to Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) batteries. Under the sponsorship of the Commander, Naval Air Systems Command the Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center identified an SLA battery as a replacement for the SNC battery currently being used in the CH-53E and MH-53E aircraft. The replacement battery is a direct form, fit, and function replacement for the SNC battery. It is presently planned that the SLA battery will have a one-year inspection period and a replacement cycle of three years. Using those projections, labor costs associated with the maintenance of the SLA battery as compared to the SNC battery should be reduced by over 80 percent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jul 2022 17:34:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1802387</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Source tracing with cadmium isotope and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment of an urban river, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1949427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Nanfei River was one of dominant inflowing rivers of the fifth largest freshwater Chaohu Lake in China, which had been subjected to increasing nutrients and contaminants from population expansion, rapid industrialization and agricultural intensification in recent decades. In present study, surface sediment from the Nanfei River was collected to investigate the anthropogenic impact on distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals. Possible Cd sources along the river were constrained by using Cd isotope signatures and labile concentrations of heavy metals in sediment were determined through the DGT technique for risk assessment. Results showed that Cd in river sediment showed greatest enrichment (EF 0.8–9.4), indicating massive pollution from anthropogenic activities. Among the various possible Cd source materials, urban road dust, industrial soil and chicken manure, displayed higher Cd abundance and enrichment that might contribute to Cd accumulation in river sediment. Cadmium isotopic composition in river sediment was ranged from −0.21 ± 0.01‰ to 0.13 ± 0.03‰, whereas yielded relative variation from −0.31 ± 0.02‰ to 0.23 ± 0.01‰ in source materials. Accordingly, Cd sources along the river were constrained, i.e. traffic and industrial activities in the upper and middle reaches whereas agricultural activities in the lower reaches. Furthermore, the evaluation on ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment on basis of SQGs and DGT-labile concentrations demonstrated that Pb and Zn might pose higher risk on aquatic species. The present study confirmed that Cd isotopes were promising source tracer in environmental studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2022 09:16:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1949427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leisure craft sacrificial anodes as a source of zinc and cadmium to saline waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1721376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sacrificial anodes are attached to the hulls of boats and marine structures to prevent corrosion. Their use inevitably leads to release of zinc as well as impurities in the zinc alloy such as cadmium to the saline environment. Risk assessments and source apportionment exercises require accurate assessments of the potential loads of chemicals into the environment. This research has surveyed a wide variety of zinc anodes for their composition to compare against a reported industry standard as well as using differing methodologies to determine the dissolution rate of zinc and cadmium from anodes. A zinc dissolution rate of 477 g/yr/kg of anode is proposed. Although most anodes tested had concentrations of cadmium within the prescribed limits set by the reported standard, calculated leaching rates from laboratory dissolution experiments suggested as much as 400 g per year of cadmium could leach from zinc anodes used on leisure vessels within UK waters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2020 15:52:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1721376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The contents and release behavior of heavy metals in construction and demolition waste used in freeway construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1680522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A large volume (more than 4.0 million m³) of treated construction and demolition waste (CDW) is planned to be used in the construction of the Xi’an-Xianyang north loop line freeway in West China. These CDW were preliminarily separated into broken concretes, bricks, and porcelains in the treatment plants. In this study, a total of 190 CDW samples including 80 concretes, 80 bricks, 20 porcelains, and 10 mixed samples were collected from five treatment plants. Five farmland soil samples near treatment plants were collected as controls. The contents of 10 elements including cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), silver (Ag), and mercury (Hg) in these samples were measured. The contents of 8 elements (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ag, and Hg) in all CDW samples were qualified for the third-level criterion of the Standard of Soil Environment (GB15618-2008). However, Cd contents in 37 concretes, 34 bricks, 6 porcelain samples, and 4 mixed CDW samples exceeded the national third-level standards (1 mg/kg) in GB15618-2008. And As contents in 28 concretes, 21 bricks, 5 porcelain samples, and 3 mixed CDW samples were higher than the national third-level standards (40 mg/kg). The total exceeding standard rates (ESRs) of Cd and As were 42.6% and 30%, respectively. The leaching tests for Cd and As were also done due to their higher ESRs. The results showed that the release amounts (μg/kg) of Cd and As from CDW were increased with increasing liquid to solid ratio (0.4–10 l/kg) but decreased with increasing pH (4–7). The leached concentrations of Cd and As from four types of CDW samples were both in a descending order: brick, mixed materials, concrete, and porcelain. The measured concentrations (μg/L) of Cd and As in leachate were all lower than second-grade criteria of Standard for Groundwater Quality (GB3838-2002). By comparing the leached concentrations of Cd and As with the value in European criteria (EU Council Decision 2003/33/EC) for hazardous wastes, all the CDW samples should be classified as inert or non-hazardous wastes. Thus, it could be concluded that heavy metals in these CDW would not pollute surrounding soil, surface water, and groundwater environment when applied in freeway construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Mar 2020 10:22:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1680522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lead and Cadmium Content in Grass Growing Near An Expressway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1590409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of distance from a road on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) content in grass species near an expressway and to assess bioaccumulation of these elements by morphological parts of the plants. The material for the research was the following grass species in their flowering stage: Dactylis glomerata, Arrenatherum elatius, and Alopecurus pratensis. Plant samples were collected along the international E30 road, the ring-road of Siedlce, in May 2015. A 9-km road section was examined with samples collected on both sides, covering a stretch of 700 m, at the following distances from the edge of the road: 1, 5, 10, and 15 m. Five samples of each plant species and at each distance from the road were collected. Lead and cadmium concentration was determined with the AAS method. The largest amounts of Pb were absorbed by A. pratensis L. (3.843 mg kg⁻¹DM), while the lowest by A. elatius L. (2.523 mg kg⁻¹DM). Of the above plants, the highest amount of Cd (0.286 mg kg⁻¹DM) was accumulated by D. glomerata L. Underground parts of the grass species accumulated greater amounts of Pb and Cd than aboveground parts. It indicates that considerable amounts of heavy metals released by expressway vehicles contaminated the soil. The highest content of Pb and Cd was found in the grass growing at a distance of 5 m from the edge of the roadway, and this applies both to underground and aboveground parts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2019 15:55:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1590409</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geochemical phase and particle size relationships of metals in urban road dust</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1534626</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Detailed knowledge of the processes that metals undergo during dry weather periods whilst deposited on urban surfaces and their environmental significance is essential to predict the potential influence of metals on stormwater quality in order to develop appropriate stormwater pollution mitigation measures. However, very limited research has been undertaken in this area. Accordingly, this study investigated the geochemical phase and particle size relationships of seven metals which are commonly associated with urban road dust, using sequential extraction in order to assess their mobility characteristics. Metals in the sequentially extracted fractions of exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual were found to follow a similar trend for different land uses even though they had variable accumulation loads. The high affinity of Cd and Zn for exchangeable reactions in both, bulk and size-fractionated solid samples confirmed their high mobility, while the significant enrichment of Ni and Cr in the stable residual fraction indicated a low risk of mobility. The study results also confirmed the availability of Cu, Pb and Mn in both, stable and mobile fractions. The fine fraction of solids (<150 μm) and antecedent dry days can be highlighted as important parameters when determining the fate of metals associated with urban road dust. The outcomes from this study are expected to contribute to the development of effective stormwater pollution mitigation strategies by taking into consideration the metal-particulate relationships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 10:32:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1534626</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Heavy metal levels of ballast waters in commercial ships entering Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1530211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study the authors report the concentration levels of heavy metals (including Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu) in ballast water of commercial ships, entering Bushehr port for the first time in the region of the Persian Gulf. The concentration levels of Cu and Fe in all samples of the ballast water were higher compared with the coastal waters of Bushehr port. In the case of Cd, 76.47% of samples had higher concentration level compared with the coastal waters of Bushehr port. Results showed that in a long term the ballast water has the potential to change the chemical quality in marine environments and also may affect the human health and marine ecosystem where ships discharge their ballast water. Therefore, permanent monitoring as well as treatment of ballast water before discharging is crucial to keep the marine environment health.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:04:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1530211</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SoH Recognition of Aviation Batteries Via Passive Diagnostic Device</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aviation battery maintenance is trending toward on-condition maintenance. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd), Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA), or prospective Li-ion batteries are used to start engines, provide emergency back-up power, and assure ground power capability for maintenance and pre-flight checkout. As these functions are mission essential, State of Health (SoH) recognition is critical. SoH includes information regarding battery energy, power and residual cycle life. This paper describes an SoH recognition technique for on-board aviation batteries and presents a passive diagnostic device (PDD). The PDD monitors on-board system battery current, voltage and ambient temperature and utilizes no active signals to the battery which can be restricted or even prohibited in order to avoid any interference with the vehicle electrical system. A procedure for sampling, treatment and analysis of transient and stationary battery voltage and current under changeable thermal condition resulting in a matrix of battery parameters is discussed. A matrix of parameters (MoP) like ohm and chemical resistance, instantaneous and dynamic open circuit voltage forms the basis for SoH recognition.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Apr 2017 18:22:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Review of Charging Algorithms for Nickel and Lithium Battery Chargers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1330097</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Battery-charging algorithms can be used for either single- or multiple-battery chemistries. In general, single-chemistry chargers have the advantages of simplicity and reliability. On the other hand, multichemistry chargers, or “universal battery chargers,” provide a practical option for multichemistry battery systems, particularly for portable appliances, but they have some limitations. This paper presents a review of some charging algorithms for major batteries, i.e., nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride, and lithium-ion batteries for single- and multiple-chemistry chargers. A comparison between these algorithms in terms of their charging schemes and charge termination techniques is included. In addition, some trends of recent chargers development are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Nov 2014 14:51:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1330097</guid>
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