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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Paws on the road: Spatiotemporal risk analyses of dog and cat vehicle collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle collisions involving free-roaming animals pose significant traffic safety and animal welfare concerns worldwide. While wildlife-vehicle collisions have been studied thoroughly, less attention has been given to collisions involving dogs and cats. Collisions present several risks for drivers and are often fatal for the animals involved. We analyzed spatial and temporal patterns of dog and cat vehicle collisions reported by the Portuguese authorities from 2019 to 2022, identifying the factors that increase or decrease the probability of collision occurrence on national scale. Temporal analyses showed that dog and cat vehicle collisions were more concentrated in the late afternoon and at night, with a substantial increase in cat collisions in 2020. Spatially, most collisions were concentrated along the coast, where human population density is highest. Road conditions and landscape characteristics were key predictors of vehicle collision risk for both species, with human population density also influencing cat collisions. Roads with higher speed limits, road sinuosity and denser road networks increased collision probability, while traffic signs, crossings and speed cameras were associated with fewer collisions. Additionally, collisions were more frequent in areas with greater artificial and agricultural land cover than in forested, pastured or shrubland regions. Our findings highlight the need for road safety improvements, such as increased traffic signs, particularly in urban and agricultural areas. These strategies, together with responsible pet ownership and free-roaming animal management policies, are essential to reducing collisions and mitigating their impacts on both human and animal safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 11:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697226</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LES TECHNOLOGIES NOUVELLES DE TRANSPORT (1ERE PARTIE).</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1080578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LA RECENTE ADOPTION D'UNE POLITIQUE SYSTEMATIQUE DE RECHERCHE ET DE DEVELOPPEMENT, AXEE SUR L'ELABORATION DE TRANSPORTS NOUVEAUX, FUT PRECEDEE D'UN  FOISONNEMENT D'INITIATIVES PRIVEES QUI A CONDUIT A LA NAISSANCE DE NOMBREUX SYSTEMES NOUVEAUX FORMANT UN ENSEMBLE HETEROGENE. CE DOSSIER ANALYSE LA STRUCTURE DE CET ENSEMBLE ET CHERCHE A DEFINIR UNE TYPOLOGIE DES MODES DE TRANSPORT NOUVEAUX, PERMETTANT DE LES SITUER AISEMENT LES UNS PAR RAPPORT AUX AUTRES ET DE JAUGER RAPIDEMENT LEURS POSSIBILITES. CETTE TYPOLOGIE, BASEE SUR LES CRITERES DE VITESSE COMMERCIALE ET DE SOUPLESSE DE L'INFRASTRUCTURE, AINSI QUE SUR LA CONTINUITE OU LA DISCONTINUITE DU SERVICE, A CONDUIT A LA CONSIDERATION DE 6 CATEGORIES PRINCIPALES, A SAVOIR : - LES SYSTEMES D'AIDE AUX PIETONS OU TROTTOIRS ROULANTS - LES SYSTEMES DE TRANSPORTS  A MOYENNE DISTANCE (SYSTEMES D'ACCELERATEURS DE PIETONS ET SYSTEMES DE TRANSPORTS COLLECTIFS CONTINUS) - LES SYSTEMES DE TRANSPORTS URBAINS (SYSTEMES DE TRANSPORTS INDIVIDUALISES ET DISCONTINUS) - LES SYSTEMES DE TRANSPORTS SUBURBAINS A GRANDE VITESSE - LES SYSTEMES BI-MODES - LES SYSTEMES D'AUTOBUS A LA DEMANDE ET DE PETITS VEHICULES URBAINS. CE CAHIER ETUDIE LES TROIS PREMIERS GROUPES DE SYSTEMES, EN PRESENTANT UNE FICHE TECHNIQUE DETAILLEE SUR CHAQUE SYSTEME.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 18:10:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1080578</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Roads and Connectivity in Colorado: Animal-Vehicle Collisions, Wildlife Mitigation Structures, and Lynx-Roadway Interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/859134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report investigates the impact of highways and landscape connectivity in Colorado. To do so, it describes three complementary research questions. Given the threat of roads to both wildlife populations and human safety, describing the distribution of animal-vehicle collisions (AVC) is a necessary step in understanding potential roadway impacts. In the first section, hotspots of AVC occurrence on highways throughout Colorado are identified, and the characteristics associated with such areas are described. To address roadway impacts, mitigation efforts are increasingly common, although rigorous assessments of the functionality of such mitigation treatments are relatively rare. The second section reviews research efforts to design and implement field monitoring of roadway-wildlife interactions at three road segments in Colorado slated for construction and installation of wildlife crossing structures. This corresponds to the Colorado Department of Transportation's (CDOT’s) Highway Corridor Wildlife Mitigation/Habitat Connectivity Research Study Phases II & III: Development of Mitigation Goals and Pre-Construction Data Collection. Rare carnivores such as lynx may be particularly susceptible to roadway impacts, but the effects of roadways on lynx reintroduced in Colorado are largely unknown. The third section reviews wildlife use of seven underpasses specifically installed as mitigation for the potential impacts of road construction on lynx; this research project corresponds to CDOT’s Wildlife Underpass (Lynx) Monitoring Research Study. It examines the relationship between the movements of radio-collared lynx to roadways throughout the state and provides evidence that lynx in Colorado are selectively avoiding highways. The study results should be used for determining future locations of underpasses and other road-related mitigation for wildlife species, and future developments should continue to minimize impacts to rare and imperiled species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2008 11:20:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/859134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying I-90 Wildlife Corridors Using GIS &amp; GPS: Spatial-Temporal Model of Landscape Use by GPS Marked Cougars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the residential and recreational development in western Kittitas County increases, as well as interstate travel and commerce, the need arises to expand the interstate highway system to accommodate the increase in traffic volume.  This increased traffic and expansion of transportation routes may potentially affect wildlife movements and traffic safety.  To identify areas for potential wildlife corridors along Interstate-90 (I-90) and state highways (SR), we analyzed cougar movements and 95% fixed kernel home range estimates from Global Positioning System (GPS) collar locations of collared cougars on a 3,657 sq km area of western Kittitas County, Washington from 2001-2004.  A logistic regression model for both winter and summer was developed to determine relative probability of use by cougars for topographic and land cover characteristics.  We found cougars (n=11) used a mean elevation of 786 +/- 166 m in winter and 971 +/- 256 m in summer.  We used t-tests and selection ratios (S) to compare differences in cougar use locations versus random locations from Geographic Information Systems (GIS).  In winter cougars selected for lower elevations (S=0.71), milder slopes (S=0.82), open  (S=1.34) or closed (S=1.08) canopy forest types, and south facing slopes (S=1.19).  They selected against agricultural (S=0.43), rangeland (S=0.16), cities/roads (S=0.93), water (S=0.17), rock (S=0.26), north (S=0.81), and west (S=0.87) slopes.  During summer, cougars selected  for steeper slopes (S=1.05), open (S=1.12) and closed (S=1.27) canopy forest types on north (S=1.15), west (S=1.06) or east (S=1.06) facing slopes.  They selected against agriculture (S=0.43), rangeland (S=0.07), cities/roads (S=0.46), water (S=0.25) and rock (S=0.37).  From these results, we determined significant variables (P<0.05) for inclusion in a logistic regression model of vegetation and physiographic variables associated with cougar GPS locations.  Logistic regression indicated cougars selected for open and closed canopy forest and selected against agriculture, rangeland, water, and cities/roads during winter.  They selected for lower elevations with south facing slopes and selected against north, west and east facing slopes or flat terrain.  During the summer cougars were not as selective, but preferred open and closed canopy forest on north, west or east facing slopes.  We found resident females (n=3) occupied home ranges adjacent to I-90, however they did not to cross the interstate.  One resident male established a home range encompassing I-90.  Sub-adult females (n=2) and sub-adult males (n=2) were documented crossing I-90 and dispersing from the study area.  The two lane SR 903, 970, 97, and 10 appeared permeable to cougar movements as male and female cougars established home ranges encompassing these SRs.  Crossing along I-90 and SRs tended to occur in areas forested to the highway edge on both sides and along ridgelines or riparian areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2005 16:04:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767350</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>OCCURRENCE OF LYNX IN THE NORTH CASCADES HIGHWAY CORRIDOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/730746</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1994, the lynx was listed as a threatened species by the State of Washington; in April 2000, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the lynx as threatened throughout its range in the contiguous U.S.  The only known resident population of lynx in the Pacific Northwest is located in an island of boreal forest habitat in the northeastern Cascade Range in Washington. Because boreal forests occur in a peninsular or insular distribution in southern latitudes, lynx habitat in the contiguous U.S. is naturally fragmented; highways and traffic that may further fragment lynx habitat could have adverse effects on critical habitat areas for lynx.  Accordingly, the influence of human activities on lynx populations in north-central Washington is of significant concern to both public and private resource managers.  Some activists have argued that logging, road construction, and ski and snowmobile areas degrade or destroy lynx habitat and constrain their movements and spatial patterns.  In addition, roads and recreational trails provide human access to lynx habitat, which may disrupt hunting activities and reproduction, and increase the likelihood that lynx will be killed illegally or incidentally.  However, reliable information that could be used to critically evaluate the validity of these claims is lacking. Information on the effects of paved roads on lynx is urgently needed so that managers can accurately assess the impacts of such roads on lynx movements and habitat use at the landscape scale.  In particular, information is needed on the extent to which such roads may serve as barriers to lynx movements and dispersal and disrupt connectivity among sub-populations.  The objectives of this study were (1) to use DNA hair-snagging techniques to conduct surveys for the presence of lynx along the Washington State Highway 20 (North Cascades Highway) corridor in north-central Washington, and (2) to attempt to document lynx crossing this highway during the snow-free period when vehicular traffic is present on the highway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Feb 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/730746</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MONITORING ANIMAL USE OF MODIFIED DRAINAGE CULVERTS ON THE LOLO SOUTH PROJECT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/713371</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A highway reconstruction project is currently underway in west-central Montana expanding Hwy 93 from 2 lanes to 4 over a distance of approximately 45 miles.  Portions of this highway bisect wetlands, which support a variety and abundance of wildlife.  As one wildlife mitigation approach, 3 drainage culverts were modified to encourage movement between fragmented wetlands.  Metal shelves were installed to allow animal movement during periods of high water.  The current project evaluated the effectiveness of these shelves.  Six culverts were studied, 3 with shelves (experimentals) and 3 without (controls), from January to September, 2001.  Passive infrared TrailMaster cameras were mounted on the roof of each culvert 15 m from one entrance. Cameras were positioned so that mammals traversing culverts either on the floor or on shelves would be photographed.  Cameras were checked weekly and film was replaced as needed.  Each month small mammal populations adjacent to each culvert were censussed using Sherman live traps.  Habitat characteristics adjacent to each entrance were described.  This experimental design provided data on which mammal species were present and which were using culverts to move between wetland sites.  Seasonal use and use of shelves during high water were assessed.  Trapping identified 7 mammal species adjacent to culverts; of these, photographs demonstrated culvert use by deer mice, skunks, short-tailed weasels, muskrats, raccoons, and domestic cats.  During wet periods smaller species (e.g., deer mice, short-tailed weasels) used the shelves.  Tentative conclusions suggest that several species readily use shelves when water would otherwise prevent movement.  However, movement occurs along the solid frame supporting the self rather than over the floor surface.  Meadow voles, though abundant close to culverts, fail to use them, suggesting a barrier effect. Species presence is clearly affected by vegetative characteristics at these sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/713371</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION INTO THE NOISE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT: PART II--INJURY RISK STUDY USING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN EAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/514614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airbag deployments are associated with loud noise of short duration called impulse noise. Research performed in the 1960s and 1970s established several criteria for assessment of impulse noise-induced hearing loss for military and general exposures. These criteria were modified for airbag noise in the 1970s, but research with human volunteers does not seem to agree with the criteria. Additional research from weapons firing, in particular that of Price and Kalb of the U.S. Army Research Lab (ARL), has led to development of a mathematical model of the ear. The repeatability of the model was examined in this study by comparing its predictive behavior for airbag noise impulses generated by nominally identical airbag systems. Results indicate that, based upon testing with feline subjects, there could be a a risk of temporary and possibly permanent threshold shifts in approximately 67% of the 1990-1995 model year vehicles from 19 manufacturers tested and assessed using the human ear model. A statistical estimate of the risk for humans has yet to be quantified, but work is in progress to do so. Once injury risk curves and test protocols are established, it is recommended that the ARL Human Ear Model be adopted by the automobile community as the assessment method of choice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Dec 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/514614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPACTS OF AN EXPANDED HIGHWAY ON OCELOTS AND BOBCATS IN SOUTHERN TEXAS AND THEIR PREFERENCES FOR HIGHWAY CROSSINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/639944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle collisions are a significant cause of mortality for the endangered ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in southern Texas.  To minimize such impacts, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has designed and modified culverts to facilitate ocelot road crossings near occupied or potentially occupied ocelot habitat.  Culverts were recently modified in connection with a project expanding a section of U.S. Highway 281 in Live Oak County, Texas where potential ocelot habitat occurs.  The objectives of this research were to assess the likelihood that an ocelot population exists in the area, determine the effects of the highway expansion on resident ocelots, and to assess the effectiveness of the highway crossing structures for free-ranging cats.  To date, the authors have not documented ocelots in the study area; however, their trapping effort will continue for another 6 months.  The authors have captured and radiocollared 7 bobcats (Lynx rufus) that will be used as surrogates for the similarly sized ocelot.  They have documented radiocollared bobcats crossing the expanded section of the highway and that used the highway culverts for both daybeds and crossing structures.  A roadkill survey has shown a large number of vehicle-related mortalities along the expanded section of highway, including one radiocollared bobcat.  This project, which will be completed in 1999, will provide information necessary for TxDOT to evaluate the effects of roads on ocelots and bobcats and to determine if crossing structures are effective and which structural design is used most readily by a variety of wildlife species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Feb 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/639944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL BRIDGES ON OCELOTS AND JAGUARUNDIS ALONG THE RIO GRANDE WILDLIFE CORRIDOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/639945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The endangered ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi) occupy the Lower Rio Grande Valley of extreme southern Texas.  The passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement has resulted in the proposal for construction of several international bridges linking Texas and Mexico. However, these bridges may be a significant barrier to wildlife movements across the federally designated Rio Grande Wildlife Corridor.  The authors' understanding of the landscape ecology of ocelots is discussed to better describe the possible significance of the coastal corridor within the Rio Grande Wildlife Corridor.  They identify potential direct and indirect impacts of the bridge-roadway systems upon felid populations, habitats, and landscapes.  A recently completed study of bobcat (Lynx rufus) spatial patterns near international bridges suggests possible confinements of individual felids. Conservation strategies that can be incorporated into bridge projects include "cat underpasses", development of corridor networks, restoration of key habitat tracts, and application of screens for audio and visual disturbances.  Finally, the Port of Brownsville International Bridge is used as a model for resolving a potentially difficult conflict between endangered cats and construction of an international bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Feb 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/639945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EVOLUTION OF GENERATING METHODS AND STANDARDS IN U.S. NAVAL SHIPYARDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Production Industrial Engineering Resource System (PIERS) is an automated system to improve industrial engineering. One of its components is Computer Aided Time Standards (CATS), a computer- assisted method to find, manipulate and store standard time data and existing standards to create new standards. CATS provides immediate, user-friendly access to the over 18,000 elements of standard time data and standards published by all shipyards. The system evolved from the DoD Computer Aided Time Standards program to collect, validate and publish standard time data in a single source for use by all DoD work measurement organizations. CATS uses menus, prompts, and instructions displayed on the screen to first direct the user to appropriate standard time data or standards and then to lead the user through the process of constructing a new standard.  Because CATS performs the required mathematical computations, many hours of tedious manual labor have been replaced with a few keystrokes. One of the keys to CATS' flexibility and usefulness is its modular design. The system now includes many time-saving software packages, and additional packages can be made part of the system quickly and inexpensively. CATS has demonstrated a cost savings and positive return on investment of 3.5 to 1. With strong management support, the use of computer systems similar to PIERS can significantly improve the bottom lines of other organizations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PULMONARY FUNCTION AND PATHOLOGY IN CATS EXPOSED 28 DAYS TO DIESEL EXHAUST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/170398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Young adult male cats were exposed 28 days, 20 hours per day, to a 1:14 dilution of diesel exhaust emissions. Following termination of exposure, the following pulmonary function measurements were carried out: lung volumes, maximum expiratory flow rates (MEF), MEF at 50%, 25% and 10% of vital capacity (VC): forced expiratory volume (FEV) after 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 seconds, dynamic compliance, resistance and helium washout at 25, 50, 75 and 100 breaths per minute. The only significant functional change was a decrease in MEF at 10% of VC (P= .02). The lungs of the exposed cats appeared charcoal grey with frequent focal black spots visible for the pleural surface. Pathologic changes in the exposed cats included a predominantly peribronchiolar localization of black-pigmented macrophages within the alveoli producing a focal pneumonitis or alveolitis. In general, evidence of serious lung damage was not observed following the 28-day exposure period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/170398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TOLERANCE OF THE HEAD AND NECK TO -GX INERTIAL LOADING OF THE HEAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/169177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this investigation has been threefold: (1) to review the literature for experimental results which either contribute quantitative tolerance data or data supporting mechanisms or criteria of injury; (2) develop new methods of investigating neck response to indirect loading; (3) further refine a mathematical neck model. It has been found that retinal hemorrhage or mild concussion were the threshold injuries produced in forward facing harnessed individuals subjected to 39-45 g sled acceleration impulses lasting on the order of 0.270 ms depending on head-neck orientation. On the other hand, field collision data indicates insignificant head-neck injuries of belted passengers from purely inertial loading of the head due to collisions at highway automotive speeds. However, in abrupt neck stretch experiments with cats it has been found that neck stretch and possible odontoid process - cord interaction are related to unconsciousness in this species. Tetanizing the cervical muscles reduced the incidence of 'concussion' symptoms produced in this animal. Collars on monkeys subjected to flexion producing occipital impacts, were reported to provide concussion protection. While no clear picture of tolerable levels or even criteria of injury can be pulled out of this array of evidence, it is clear that until the problem can be better defined, relative motion between head and neck and a position which will minimize stretch in the retinal attachments should be part of protective systems, where feasible, when abrupt -G(x) can be anticipated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/169177</guid>
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