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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Uniform dispersion of graphene in asphalt emulsion using an aerosol-based approach: An experimental–simulation study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A key challenge in developing high-performance, graphene-modified asphalt binders is preventing premature agglomeration of graphene flakes during the mixing process. In this study, the authors propose an aerosol-based method for producing graphene-modified asphalt emulsion (GMAE), wherein graphite is electrically exploded to generate few-layer graphene aerosols that are directly introduced into a cationic asphalt emulsion under ambient conditions. Fluorescence microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirm that graphene is uniformly dispersed, with no large black inclusions observed, and a characteristic (002) peak verifying stable embedding of few-layer graphene. To clarify the mechanism underlying this uniform dispersion, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to examine re-agglomeration tendencies under varying conditions. The results reveal that, in a cationic asphalt emulsion, positively charged surfactant head groups anchor in the aqueous phase while their hydrophobic tails interlock with asphalt molecules, creating a cohesive interfacial network that physically and electrostatically inhibits graphene flakes from coalescing. Conversely, using an anionic surfactant or removing water leads to patchier coverage or asphalt coalescence near the graphene substrate, respectively, which can promote partial clustering. These findings demonstrate that uniform graphene dispersion in asphalt emulsions arises from the synergy between (i) the aerosol-based preparation that prevents early flake aggregation, and (ii) the robust surfactant–water interfacial layer that continues to impede flake–flake contact during mixing. Overall, these experimental and computational insights provide a viable route for producing GMAE with enhanced durability, improved microstructural uniformity, and minimized agglomeration, paving the way for next-generation pavement materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:31:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566616</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A polymeric cationic asphalt emulsifier for low-carbon and renewable pavements: Investigating its dual effects of modification and emulsification on asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional cationic emulsifiers can cause a noticeable reduction in the low-temperature deformability of asphalt, while the moisture stability and durability of emulsified asphalt pavements fail to meet the standards of high-grade highways. Modification of emulsifiers by polymeric materials provides an effective solution to these problems. In this study, a polymeric cationic asphalt emulsifier (PCAE) with multiple active groups was prepared based on the free radical polymerization method, which can serve the dual effects of emulsification and modification. The surface activity of PCAE was compared with that of three ordinary cationic emulsifiers (EA, CSR, and KZW) for cold recycling by critical micelle concentration, while the droplet size distribution and storage stability of different emulsified asphalts were tested. To evaluate the modifying effect of the polymeric emulsifier on asphalt, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer, and contact angle tests were performed on base asphalt and asphalt residues. Experimental results indicate that PCAE outperforms traditional cationic emulsifiers in emulsifying ability, and the emulsified asphalt prepared with PCAE demonstrates a steric hindrance effect and excellent storage stability. PCAE enhances the high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt and causes less detrimental impact on the low-temperature ductility. Adding PCAE can effectively improve the creep recovery capacity and fatigue life of asphalt, but ordinary emulsifiers show limited improvement. Furthermore, PCAE can enhance asphalt-aggregate adhesion under both dry and wet conditions, whereas traditional emulsifiers risk impairing adhesion despite increasing the surface free energy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2025 14:42:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Railway Track Durability: Evaluating Sand and Emulsion Effects on Cement Asphalt Mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The degradation of railway substructures due to fouled ballast is a critical concern in railway infrastructure management. This study explores the use of Cement Asphalt Mortar (CAM) as a novel stabilizing agent to address fouled ballast issues. The research systematically examines the influence of sand content and various emulsifiers on CAM’s engineering properties through comprehensive testing. Notably, anionic and nonionic emulsifier mixtures exhibited exceptional stability, with residue content ranging from 0.5% to 4%, while cationic emulsifier mixtures showed higher residue content (9% to 14%). Moreover, the inclusion of sand significantly enhanced CAM mixture strength, with a Sand/Cement (S/C) ratio of 50% demonstrating the highest strength, reaching 0.35 MPa after 2 hours and substantial strength gains over 28 days of curing. Dynamic modulus testing underscored the favorable impact of sand content, particularly at lower temperatures, emphasizing the importance of sand and emulsifier types in improving CAM’s engineering properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 2025 10:39:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528606</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel recovery method to derive cationic emulsified asphalt evaporation residues</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2451747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emulsified asphalt, lauded as a new eco-friendly binder, has gained widespread attention and use lately. The characteristics of emulsified asphalt evaporation residues are pivotal for assessing emulsified asphalt quality, highlighting the significance of their recovery methods. This research aims to discern the effect of various recovery methods on the qualities of emulsified asphalt residues, with the goal of selecting an optimal recovery method. Initially, three cationic emulsifiers (SBT, KZW, SHLH) were employed to prepare emulsions, followed by analysis of particle size and storage stability of them. Subsequently, three recovery methods were identified as the direct heat method (DHM), the low temperature heat method (LTHM), and the spin heat method (SHM). Following this, a number of evaluations were carried out on the residues, including physical property tests, temperature sweep test, bending beam rheometer test, multiple stress creep recovery test, and linear amplitude sweep test. Ultimately, aging degree of residues was assessed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test and microstructural analysis was executed utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) test. Comparing the performance of residues obtained through DHM and LTHM, those obtained via SHM exhibit superior performance in terms of high-temperature rheological and fatigue properties. FTIR results reveal that the emulsified asphalt recovery process only involves physical mixing and minimal aging of residues obtained by SHM among the three recovery methods. Additionally, less residual emulsifier is observed under low-temperature heating condition through FESEM, while abundant residual emulsifier is observed under spin evaporation condition. In summary, the results suggest that SHM can be used as an appropriate method for recovering emulsified asphalt residues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2451747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Influence of Asphalt Stabilization on the Deformation Resistance of Reinforced Earth Embankment Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction of roadway embankment with gypseous soil exhibits hazard for the long-term performance. The gypseous soil is known to exhibit suitable strength after compaction; however, it loses the strength when subjected to environmental issues such as rain and the variation in the water table level. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to implement gypseous soil with 84.2% of gypsum content, which was obtained from Tikret region (180 km north of Baghdad), in the preparation of an embankment model in the laboratory. The gypseous soil was compacted to 95% of its maximum pre-determined dry unit weight of (16.4 kN/m³) in six layers in a metal box with the dimensions of 50 × 50 × 30 cm, and each layer is of 5 cm thickness to form a control embankment model, and subjected to vertical stress. Test was carried out using proving ring of 5 kN capacity. The vertical and lateral deformations of the embankment model were monitored until failure. The second embankment model was constructed using an aluminum reinforcing strips spread at five layers of the embankment height. The aluminum reinforcing strips were laid at equal spaces between each of them, which means that each layer was reinforced with four strips at a spacing of 10 cm center to center. The vertical and lateral deformations were also monitored until failure. In the third embankment model, the gypseous soil was stabilized with M-30 cutback asphalt, and then the embankment model was constructed using aluminum reinforcing strips as in the second model. The fourth embankment model was constructed using the aluminum strips and a stabilized gypseous soil with cationic emulsion. It was observed that the reinforced and the emulsion stabilized embankment models exhibit lower vertical deformation of 40% and 30% as compared with the control embankment. On the other hand, the lateral deformation at the third embankment layer declines by 50%, 39.2%, and 35.7% when the emulsion, cutback, and earth reinforcements were implemented, respectively, as compared with the control model. However, the lateral deformation at the fifth layer declines by 68.4%, 55.5%, and 68.4% when the emulsion, cutback, and earth reinforcements were implemented, respectively, as compared with the control model. It was concluded that implementation of cutback and emulsion stabilization in addition to the earth reinforcement can better sustain vertical stresses applied on the embankment surface and present a sustainable solution for the roadway infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Jun 2024 17:44:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterisation of road base materials treated by hybrid alkali-activated binders and cationic asphalt emulsions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310305</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using suitable chemically stabilized materials to solve the moisture-related damages on the road pavement is still essential. This study investigated the influence of cationic asphalt emulsion (CAE) on a hybrid alkali-activated binder (HAB) consisting of fly ash, hydrated lime, and solid sodium hydroxide for the chemically stabilized road base material. Adding CAE to HAB would introduce the water-repellent and elastic properties of HAB. Crushed rock (CR) treated with HAB binder prepared with two concentrations of CAE (HAB-CAEs) was characterized using a test series of compaction, unconfined compressive strength, resilient modulus, and water absorption. The compaction test results showed that CAE could decrease the optimum water content and air voids at the maximum dry density. Using CAE increased the strength of the HAB-CAE-treated CR, resulting in a sufficient compressive strength of the flexible pavement base. In addition, the HAB-CAE-treated CR had a proficient energy absorption under a static loading condition. The addition of CAE to the HAB-treated CR also provided resilient modulus and stiffness values higher than those of the conventional cement-treated base material with less water absorption. Therefore, HAB-CAE could be a viable option as a sustainable pavement base material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 10:55:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310305</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of alkyl chain length on the demulsification process of cationic emulsified asphalt on a CaCO₃ surface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2339111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture (CRM) materials benefit from energy savings, environmental friendliness, and economic convenience. The in-service performance of CRM relies largely on the micro-interaction at the interface between the alkaline aggregate and cationic emulsified asphalt but lacks an in-depth interpretation at the molecular level. This study investigated the influence of the alkyl chain length of cationic emulsifiers (C₁₂TAC, C₁₄TAC, C₁₆TAC, and C₁₈TAC) on the demulsification process of cationic emulsified asphalt on a CaCO₃ surface via a microscopic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation framework combined with macroscopic demulsification experiments. The emulsification asphalt/CaCO₃ system was established by molecular-level MD simulations. The visualized statistical data were used to investigate the influence of alkyl chain length on the adsorption behavior, concentration distribution (CA), diffusion coefficient (DA), and adhesion work (W) of emulsified asphalt on the CaCO₃ surface. The conductivity experiment tested the demulsification time of emulsified asphalt on the CaCO₃ surface, which revealed the effect of alkyl chain length on the demulsification speed at the macro level and further verified the simulation results. Research results revealed the following conclusions: (1) The electrostatic force is the main factor driving asphalt molecules to the surface of alkaline aggregate (CaCO₃), while the van der Waals force leads to the reversal of repulsive forces. Therefore, the electrostatic potential distribution dominates the adhesion strength between the emulsified asphalt and the alkaline aggregate. (2) The relative concentration peak and diffusion coefficient of cationic emulsified asphalt are positively related to the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. (3) The electrostatic force and adhesion work increase by 6.8 % when two carbon atoms are added to the alkyl chain of the emulsifier. This proves that the carbon atom content of the alkyl chain determines the adhesion of cationic emulsified asphalt. (4) The demulsification time is proportional to the number of carbon atoms in the range of 12–18. This demonstrates that enhancing the adhesion strength of emulsified asphalt and controlling the demulsification time can be achieved by adjusting the alkyl chain carbon atom content.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2024 11:04:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2339111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Polyether- and Polystyrene-Modified Polymeric Cationic Asphalt Emulsifiers: Synthesis and Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2160937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two novel polymeric cationic asphalt emulsifiers modified respectively by polyoxyethylene ether [named as polyether-type cationic asphalt emulsifier (PEAE)] and polystyrene [named as polystyrene-type cationic asphalt emulsifier (PSAE)] via free radical polymerization were synthesized by using cumene hydrogen peroxide as the initiator and 3-mercaptopropionic acid as the chain transfer agent. The investigation was conducted on the effects of polyoxyethylene ether dosage, initiator dosage, monomer molar ratio, acid/amine ratio, emulsifier dosage, and pH value on the high- and low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt and storage stability at room temperature. The molecular structures of emulsifiers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their surface activity and emulsifying performance were evaluated. The results demonstrate that the indexes of PEAE and PSAE satisfied the Chinese national standard regulations, and displayed excellent emulsifying capacity, low-temperature performance, and storage stability at room temperature. Both emulsifiers belong to slow cracking cationic asphalt emulsifiers. PEAE and PSAE can reduce the side effect of traditional small molecular cationic asphalt emulsifier on the low-temperature ductility of emulsified asphalt and improve the low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt. PSAE was found to serve as an asphalt modifier and could improve the high-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt. The emulsified asphalt prepared using PEAE and PSAE shows promising applications in slurry seal coat construction and microsurface treatment. It is conducive to solving the problem that the traditional small molecular cationic asphalt emulsifier has large negative effect on the low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt, which can open the window of the subsequent synthesis of polymeric cationic asphalt emulsifiers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:29:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2160937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of cationic asphalt emulsion on the water transportation behavior and durability of cement mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cement asphalt mortar (CAM) could be considered as the cement mortar modified by asphalt emulsion, which would alter the microstructure of cement mortar and thus exert significant influence on the mechanical properties and durability of CAM. In the current research, the effect of cationic asphalt emulsion on the compressive/flexural strength, flexibility, water adsorption, permeability and sulfate attack of CAM were investigated. The obtained results indicated that, both the compressive strength and flexural strength of CAM all decreased obviously with the increase of A/C (mass ratio of asphalt to cement), on the contrast, the incorporation of cationic asphalt emulsion would improve the flexibility of CAM. The increased A/C would suppress the water transportation, including water adsorption and penetration, into CAM, which is mainly due to the reduction in the pore connectivity and the hydrophobization on the wall of pores, thereby beneficial to improve the durability of CAM. The transportation pathway of water containing sulfate ions into CAM would be inhibited with the increase of A/C, which suppressed the formation of erosion products and in turn decreased the damage of the microstructure of CAM, that is, the incorporated cationic asphalt emulsion would enhance the sulfate attack resistance of CAM. The field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM) observation showed that, with the increase of A/C, more and more asphalt film formed in the CAM, while less and less cement hydration products were generated, which is correlated well with the variation of mechanical properties, water sorptivity and sulfate attack resistance of CAM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:58:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on production of cation asphalt emulsifier for micro-surfacing by using sulfomethylated lignin</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1924052</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the research achievement in manufacturing the cation asphalt emulsifier for micro-surfacing using an eco-friendly material which is rich in resources and low in production cost. This material is alkali lignin which used to be treated as wastes during the processing of wood and the cation asphalt emulsifier for micro-surfacing made from this is sulfomethylated lignin quaternary ammonium salt cation emulsifier. This emulsifier is synthesized through sulfomethylation and quaternary-ammonization of alkali lignin so as to allow the emulsifier molecule to contain two hydrophilic groups inside it. Newly developed cation emulsifier is widely used for micro-surfacing for its high emulsifying power and slowly-disintegrable and fast-setting ability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 10:07:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1924052</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the early cement hydration process in the presence of cationic asphalt emulsion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cement-asphalt (CA) paste could be regarded as the Portland cement (PC) paste with enhanced flexibility due to the addition of asphalt emulsion (AE) and could be utilized as the semi-flexible pavement and repairing materials. In order to extensively explore the process of early cement hydration and the microstructure evolution of PC paste in the presence of cationic AE, various measurements including setting time, hydration heat, conductivity, compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), chemically bound water, thermogravimetric (TG) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were adopted in the investigation. The experiment results showed that the setting process of PC paste was gradually prolonged with the increase of A/C, implying that the formation of microstructure of PC paste was inhibited by cationic AE, which is in agreement with the hydration heat and conductivity test. The compressive strength and pulse velocity of ultrasonic wave of cement mortar reduced with the incorporation of cationic AE, which thus implied the porosity increases with the addition of A/C, and in turn indicating the generation of microstructure of cement paste was suppressed gradually with the increase of cationic AE, this could also be confirmed by the chemically bound water, FTIR and FESEM results. Finally, the possible retardation mechanism of cement hydration, caused by the cationic AE, was proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:16:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Suitability of Chitosan as an Emulsifier for Cationic Bitumen Emulsions and its Behaviour as an Additive to Bitumen Emulsion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1537545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chitosan contains amine and amino groups which have the ability to generate cationic type surfactants when combined with H+ ions. It has a high potential for use as a cationic emulsifier for negatively charged siliceous aggregates for paving of roads in Sri Lanka. Water soluble Chitosan was tested for suitability as an emulsifier in the production of cationic bituminous emulsions. The amine emulsifier currently in use was fractionally replaced with Chitosan and tested for emulsion properties; emulsion viscosity, storage stability, settlement, sieve test and breaking of emulsion. The viscosity of the emulsion was found to increase significantly from 16 SFS to 50 SFS and from 20 SFS to 72 SFS for Cationic Rapid Setting type (CRS1) emulsion and Cationic Slow Setting type (CSS1) emulsions respectively. For both types of emulsions, an exponential growth in viscosity was found to occur at a critical Chitosan to bitumen ratio of 0.0028. Results of storage stability indicated a tendency for floating, while in the presence of Chitosan, within the first 24h of preparation. However, a settling tendency developed for both types of emulsion when in longer storage as indicated by a 5day settlement test. A new model based on the interaction between reactive groups of Chitosan and bitumen emulsion droplets was proposed to describe the effect of Chitosan on bitumen emulsion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Sep 2018 11:21:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1537545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Cationic Asphalt Emulsion as an Admixture on Transport Properties of Roller-Compacted Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to investigate the effect of cationic asphalt emulsion (CAE) as an admixture on durability characteristics of roller compacted concrete (RCC). To this aim, the CAE was added to the RCC mixture at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the cement mass; these mixtures were designed by the maximum density method according to ASTM D1557. The cubic and cylindrical specimens were fabricated using vibrating hammer; water absorption, sorptivity, water penetration depth, and electrical resistivity tests were conducted to evaluate the durability of the mixtures. The water penetration test was carried out on cubic specimens in accordance with BS EN 12,390-8: 2009; moreover, by cutting each cylindrical specimen, two 100 × 50 mm discs for conducting sorptivity and one 100 × 100 mm cylinder for conducting the water absorption and electrical resistivity tests were prepared. The results indicated that the decrease in the water absorption, penetration and sorptivity, and the increase in the electrical resistivity of the mixtures can be obtained by increasing the CAE content. Also, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level based on Dunnett comparison procedure denoted a significant improvement in the RCC transport properties by adding CAE. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were studied and it was revealed that filling the capillary pores and coating the inner surface of larger pores with asphalt exhibited a change in the structure of cement paste pores and demonstrated an improvement in the transport properties of the RCC. Performing electrical resistivity test is of great importance for evaluating the durability of concrete due to its non-destructive and rapid properties. Therefore, intrinsically linear regression models were estimated between its results and other durability indicators, which show proper fits based on their coefficient of determination (minR2 > 0.83). The findings revealed that electrical resistivity test can be employed to estimate the various transport properties of the RCC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2018 11:15:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502266</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cationic Very Rapid Setting Polymer Modified Chip Seal Emulsion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1474076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A regional chip sealing project installed test sections of very rapid setting emulsions (CVRS-2P) to determine if the curing time of the chip seal could be shortened as compared to conventional chip seals using CRS-2P binders. The test sections cured very rapidly allowing initial brooming to be completed in less than 25 minutes following placement and opening to posted speed operation in less than 3 hours after the brooming. This is in contrast to control sections of conventional chip seals using CRS-2P binders, which required 8 to 12 hours of reduced speed curing before final brooming and opening to posted speed operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jul 2017 09:54:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1474076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bitumen emulsions formulation and destabilisation process relationship: influence of salts addition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1355681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To simulate ionic species release from hydrolysis reactions when bitumen emulsions come into contact with gravel, electrolyte solutions have been added to cationic emulsions and their impact on emulsions stability has been tested. In order to understand how the different parameters (oils viscosity, oils and electrolytes nature) influence the emulsion destabilisation, which included a gelation process, different materials have been used: two bitumen from different origins as well as two silicone oils with different viscosities, acting as model oils to simplify the system. According to cationic emulsifier, a quaternary ammonium salt was used. The different emulsions have been studied. Macroscopic and microscopic observations as well as size distribution measurements have been performed to evaluate the emulsion destabilisation. Results obtained show relationships between emulsion formulation and destabilisation evolution (gelation process included) of the materials studied. Phenomena observed could be interpreted by well-known mechanisms such as flocculation and coalescence. Moreover, it will be discussed how the coalescence and relaxation shape kinetics, probably due to salt and emulsion formulation, affect the gelation phenomenon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2015 13:43:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1355681</guid>
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