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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The classification model of reverse logistics for halal chicken meat</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study aims to propose the business process model (BPM) and the classification rules to recapture more halal value from returned halal chicken meat (HCM) for deciding the appropriate product recovery of returned halal chicken meat. The actors involved in reverse logistics activities of halal chicken meat are quality assurance staff, cold storage staff, collection centre staff, management of the slaughtering company, the truck driver of the logistics service provider (transporter), and the customer. The ranking of the class product recovery of returned halal chicken meat obtained consecutively are feed products (56.7%), disposal (33.4%), halal food products (8.8%) and repacking (1.1%). The three quality attributes of halal chicken meat that most affect the decision of product recovery option are odour (putrid), handling of halal product, and visual (physical) appearance. The decision tree generates 11 classification rules to support management in deciding the best product recovery of returned halal chicken meat.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624100</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimizing maritime transport schedule recovery strategies: a novel approach for speeding up and port-skipping in case of disruption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In case of disruption to the liner-shipping schedule, vessels cannot arrive at port calls on schedule, which creates a loss in service quality and credibility with a simultaneous increase in operating costs. Liner-shipping companies usually adopt two significant strategies: speeding up and skipping port calls to reduce such issues. This paper presents a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for the simultaneous use of speed-up and port-skipping strategies for schedule recovery. The model, by taking into consideration lost revenue and the costs of transshipment for skipped ports, departs from the traditional cost-minimization approach by prioritizing profit maximization. It incorporates strategies for speed-up and port-skipping with loading and unloading variables in the process of optimally determining port calls as per demand and profitability. Decision variables on alternative port selections allow multiport alternatives that consider delays and transshipment costs. The nonlinear model is linearized using exact and approximate techniques and solved using CPLEX software. For large-scale cases, a self-learning particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed. Several test problems demonstrate the effectiveness of the metaheuristic. A real-world case is used to validate the model, showing its capability to derive optimal routes and schedules through the concurrent use strategies. The results show that the proposed model minimizes time deviations and operational losses. Moreover, sensitivity analysis highlights that while speed-up is adequate for shorter delays and less viable with high fuel costs, skipping strategies complement speed-up under significant delays, reinforcing the importance of integrated recovery strategies to address disruptions in the maritime transportation industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 09:17:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618861</guid>
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      <title>Evaluating Factors Affecting Financial Efficiency of Infrastructure Construction Investment Projects – A Case Study of Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate factors affecting the financial efficiency of infrastructure construction investment projects in Vietnam. The authors use Monte Carlo simulation to analyze each project’s finances based on traffic volume, traffic composition, investment costs, management and operation costs, and interest rates. The authors found that traffic volume and composition significantly affect the net present value (NPV) value of the project, showing that traffic volume is the most sensitive variable by up to 86.9%. They apply their analysis to a specific project in Vietnam, the Quy Nhon-Chi Thanh expressway, demonstrating that once the total traffic flow decreases by 50%, the project becomes infeasible, and the investment cannot be recovered. Comparatively, if the total traffic flow increases by 30%, the NPV value rises by 73.69%, and the payback period decreases by 26.93%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2025 10:00:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Survival instincts in the aviation industry: How effective was Africa's regional COVID-19 recovery strategy?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic devastated Africa's civil aviation industry, prompting the articulation of a continental strategy for its survival and recovery under the leadership of the African Union Commission. This article uses the concept of policy integration to analyse the effectiveness of the strategy. The analysis shows that the survival and recovery of the industry was mostly due to actions at the national level, such as financial support from governments, that were consistent with but not necessarily triggered by the continental strategy. The strategy was not legally binding, had no implementation plan and lacked a robust monitoring and evaluation mechanism. This article argues that enhancing the credibility, value addition and chances of success of regional strategies requires an active participation of member states in the design process; and strengthening of the administrative and technical capacities of the implementing entities. It also requires regional organisations to focus on actions that are within their control and have regional impact such as developing and deploying digital solutions to common problems. Full implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision on the liberalization of air transport markets in Africa would strengthen the enforcement of regulations that are critical to the survival and recovery of the aviation industry from shocks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 17:27:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air transportation and COVID-19: A tale with three episodes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533818</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the extreme vulnerability of the authors' aviation system towards external disruptions. While there have been several earlier aviation-related crises, the impact of COVID-19 is unmatched in the history of modern aviation. Accordingly, a better understanding of the mechanisms and ramifications of this pandemic is instrumental for preparing towards future external disruptions. The contribution of the authors' study is threefold. First, the authors dissect the disruptive impact of the pandemic on the scientific literature and extract the major trends and insights. Given the wide range of related venues and the extent of disruption, there have been many studies published in the last 2–3 years. Second, the authors perform a data-driven analysis of the full disruption cycle containing three episodes, starting with the epidemic shock early in the year 2020, over the pandemic stalemate, towards the endemic-induced recovery in the year 2022. Third, the authors summarize the major insights and derive a set of policy recommendations and future research directions which the authors consider essential on the way towards what the authors call pandemic-resilient aviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 17:11:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533818</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Airport congestion pricing and capacity: cost recovery with per-flight or per-passenger charges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates congestion pricing and capacity investment for internationally interlinked airports considering cost recovery. The authors' global welfare maximization shows that “single pricing per-flight” or “single pricing per-passenger” could be sufficiently cost-recovering alternatives when first-best per-passenger subsidies are not feasible under “mix pricing (choosing per-flight and per-passenger charges).” However, each cost-recovering single-pricing method causes distortions, and single pricing per-flight is the smaller distortive. The authors' local welfare maximization shows similar results when per-passenger subsidies under mix pricing for each country are not feasible. Surprisingly, when each country’s mix pricing does not require per-passenger subsidies, the distortions under cost-recovering single pricing per-flight may be smaller than those under cost-recovering mix pricing. However, each airport’s capacity investment can be socially efficient only when single pricing per-passenger is adopted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2025 08:54:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521806</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Research on the Challenges and Strategies of Enterprises in Reverse Logistics Cost Control Under B2C Mode</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Generally speaking, B2C e-commerce enterprises have a high-sales return rate, resulting from the nature of the industry, and sales return means the increase in reverse logistics cost. Through the research on the composition of reverse logistics information system and reverse logistics process, it is found that B2C e-commerce enterprises face some problems in reverse logistics cost control, such as imperfect reverse logistics information system, unreasonable value utilization of returned and exchanged goods, huge storage cost and incomplete third-party logistics utilization. In order to achieve competitive advantage in the fierce market, e-commerce enterprises should establish a perfect reverse logistics information system, optimize the reuse value of returned and exchanged goods, endeavor to reduce the storage cost and fully introduce the third-party logistics. The countermeasures can provide some reference for e-commerce enterprises to do well in reverse logistics cost management under B2C mode. In this way, the enterprises can reduce reverse logistics cost and obtain healthy and sustainable development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 16:59:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards efficient airline disruption recovery with reinforcement learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disruptions to airline schedules precipitate flight delays/cancellations and significant losses for airline operations. The goal of the integrated airline recovery problem is to develop an operational tool that provides the airline with an instant and cost-effective solution concerning aircraft, crew members and passengers in face of the emerging disruptions. In this paper, the authors formulate a decision recommendation framework which incorporates various recovery decisions including aircraft and crew rerouting, passenger reaccommodation, departure holding, flight cancellation and cruise speed control. Given the computational hardness of solving the mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINP) model by the commercial solver (e.g., CPLEX), they establish a novel solution framework by incorporating Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) algorithm with well-designed neighborhood structures and state evaluator. They utilize Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to train the stochastic policy exploited to select neighborhood operations given the current state throughout the Markov Decision Process (MDP). Experimental results show that the objective value generated by their approach is within a 1.5% gap with respect to the optimal/close-to-optimal objective of the CPLEX solver for the small-scale instances, with significant improvement regarding runtime. The pre-trained DRL agent can leverage features/weights obtained from the training process to accelerate the arrival of objective convergence and further improve solution quality, which exhibits the potential of achieving Transfer Learning (TL). Given the inherent intractability of the problem on practical size instances, they propose a method to control the size of the DRL agent’s action space to allow for efficient training process. The authors believe their study contributes to the efforts of airlines in seeking efficient and cost-effective recovery solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 09:26:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Best Practices for Cost Recovery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1893263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) Highway Division amended and reissued its Cost Recovery Procedure in 2017. Overall, the procedure has been successful; however, there is still room for improvement, including earlier participation of design consultants in addressing conflicts and discrepancies that result in construction change orders, and better coordination with design consultants who can be found liable for additional construction costs related to design errors. The objective of this research was to gather and analyze information regarding best cost recovery practices used by state departments of transportation (DOTs) and to identify opportunities to modify and enhance, as appropriate, MassDOT’s existing Cost Recovery Procedure. The research team found that many of the key elements are already included in the current MassDOT Cost Recovery Procedure. Overall, the completeness and level of detail of the 2017 MassDOT Cost Recovery Procedure are on a level similar to that of the elite group of six state DOT cost recovery procedures analyzed in this research. Several areas where the current MassDOT Cost Recovery Procedure could be further improved are presented in this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2021 09:01:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1893263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of geoeconomics in seaport operations: a theoretical proposal for post Covid-19 recovery strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Johor Port and Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP) are two adjacent seaports act as backbone of the Malaysian international trade and economy. The probability of these seaports catering the same client is very high and may cause overlapping in the hinterland area. This will further result in the waste of resources, congestion in traffic and reducing the competitiveness of seaports. The situation worsened during Covid-19 outbreak as these two seaports faced issues related to capacity and efficiency. This paper employs geoeconomics concept to assist these seaports to design a post Covid-19 recovery plan for these seaports via temporal, spatial and policy taxonomies. An explanatory sequential mixed method design has been employed to meet aims of the paper. The results show that hinterlands in the Southern region are important as production centres, providing logistics efficiency and improving the connectivity. Given the importance of service recovery to continue patronage of these seaports among customers, revitalising 4th industrial revolution and materialising inland capacity are additional post Covid-19 recovery strategies for improved seaport performance from a policy and spatial taxonomies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2020 13:32:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Policy implementation barriers and economic analysis of shore power promotion in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1729808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mandatory use of shore power (SP), in place of auxiliary engine generated power, has been adopted worldwide as one of the effective measures to reduce ships' in-port emissions when they berth at ports. However, SP promotion is not smooth in many countries. This paper takes China as an example to explore the barriers to SP policy implementation by conducting in-depth interviews and builds cost-benefit models to estimate the costs and investment payback years of SP reconstruction of the port and ships based on subsidy policies. Specifically, real data collected from the Port of Shanghai are used as key parameters in the economic analysis. The results show that the government should launch appropriate subsidy policies to boost the promotion of SP technologies. The more efficient the subsidies that the government offers to ports and shipping companies for SP facility reconstruction are, the faster these companies can recover the cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2020 17:51:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1729808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The determinants of aeronautical charges of U.S. airports: A spatial analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1706909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using U.S. airport data from 2009 through 2016, this study examines the determinants of aeronautical charges of large and medium hub airports and accounts for the spatial dependence of neighboring airports in a spatial panel regression model. The results show that U.S. airports' aeronautical charges are spatially dependent, and neighboring airport charges are positively correlated, implying that U.S. airports are in price competition with each other even though they are government-owned infrastructure. Additionally, the authors find evidence of airport cost recovery through non-aeronautical revenues. This may be indicative of the airport's cross-subsidizing aeronautical operations with non-aeronautical revenues. In addition, the authors found the airports that share revenues with airlines charge lower aeronautical fees than those that do not share revenues. They also found that more congested airports charge higher aeronautical fees.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2020 17:41:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1706909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of foldable containers on the cost of empty container relocation in the hinterland of seaports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1689364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyses the impact of using foldable containers in terms of cost savings of truck drayage operations, of both loaded and empty containers, in the hinterland of a seaport. The authors model a vehicle routing problem to optimise empty container relocation. A simulated annealing algorithm is developed to solve the problem. Numerical experiments are carried out in realistic empty container relocation scenarios. The authors find that, under certain conditions, foldable containers can offer higher truck productivity compared with standard containers, hence resulting in substantial cost savings. This paper provides managerial insights into how foldable containers can help reduce the costs of hinterland transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2020 15:58:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1689364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aligning Incentives in the Transportation Working Capital Fund: Cost Recovery While Retaining Readiness in Military Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) provides transportation and transportation-enabling services for Department of Defense (DoD) customers during peace and war. USTRANSCOM uses a working-capital fund (WCF) approach to cost recovery in the form of its Transportation Working Capital Fund (TWCF). RAND Corporation was asked to analyze USTRANSCOM rates and their current cost-recovery approach. This report begins with a look at current TWCF processes including customers, USTRANSCOM services, and rate calculation. Next best practices of commercial WCFs and WCFs within DoD are examined and applied to USTRANSCOM. It is recommended that USTRANSCOM restructure its cost recovery to: recover fixed costs through non-rate mechanisms and set rates to drive activities that contribute to USTRANSCOM readiness. Five case studies examine the proposed cost recovery recommendation in five areas: general and administrative costs, liner movements, port operations, Special Assignment Airlift Mission/Joint Exercise Training Program positioning and depositioning costs, and weapon system supply chains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2020 15:51:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695725</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling and managing congested transit service with heterogeneous users under monopoly</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1653902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors develop and study a model of congested transit service under monopoly when potential users differ in their characteristics. Given travel time delays and crowding externalities, general user heterogeneity is characterized in a three-dimensional space of value of time, value of crowding, and willingness to pay. A unique user demand equilibrium is shown to exist. The operator chooses the fare and service frequency to maximize a weighted sum of profit and consumers’ surplus. The socially optimal fare consists of marginal operating cost, external user congestion cost, and a nonnegative shadow price on the vehicle capacity constraint which may or may not bind. A cost-recovery formula is also derived. Two methods for optimal design capacity are proposed that differ as to whether fare and frequency are exogenous or set conditional on capacity choice. Two numerical examples, one without and one with crowding, are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2019 17:07:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1653902</guid>
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