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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Structural Retrofit of Corroded Metal Culverts Using GFRP Slip Liner.Phase II. Final Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metal culverts have served as a common structural element in highway design since the mid-1950s because of their low initial cost, ease of fabrication, and simple construction method. There has been an epidemic of corrosion of metal culverts for the last decade. Such corrosion results in loss of cross-section and occasionally leads to structural failure of the culvert. Numerous failures have taken place imposing a high cost with the need to rebuild many culverts in addition to significant indirect costs associated with highway closure. Glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) have become a desirable material for structural strengthening and rehabilitation over the past two decades. Prior research supported by TranSET showed that GFRP profile liner can retrofit an existing metal culvert and provide structural capacity for the corroded metal culvert to extend its service for 50-100 years. New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) allocated a field trial site for experimentation of the technology. A mock road resembling a two-lane rural road with 18-inch backfill above a 25- foot long and 24-inch diameter corroded metal culvert was prepared by NMDOT. Field implementation was executed using 22-inch GFRP pipe slip lined and grouted to the existing corroded corrugated metal culvert. Load testing was performed to ensure the integrity of the retrofitted culvert. This report describes the design process, the field experimentation steps, and the retrofitting process. The report also describes the load testing and the monitoring of the retrofitted metal pipe using the fit-in GFRP profile liner technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 08:51:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582881</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance of Thermoplastic Culvert Pipe Under Highway Vehicle Loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2218119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DOTs are interested in developing guidelines for use of large diameter corrugated HDPE pipe buried under roadways with shallow fill, but this application has not been studied extensively. A pooled fund study consisting of full-scale field tests and computer modeling has been initiated to address this matter. The objectives of the project are to improve understanding of the behavior of large diameter thermoplastic culverts under low fill heights, and develop design and installation procedures for inclusion in DOT and AASHTO specifications. The field tests are being conducted at the MnRoad Research Facility, which maintains a two-lane test road traversed only by test vehicles, a truck with a maximum axle load of 107 kN (24,000 lb) travels in one lane and a truck with 80 kN (18,000 lb) maximum axle load travels in the other. Ten 20 m (65 ft) runs of 1,500 mm (60 in.) diameter test pipe were installed. Test pipe consisted of eight runs of thermoplastic pipe, and one run each of reinforced concrete and corrugated steel pipe. Nominal installation depths were 0.3 m and 0.6 m (1 ft and 2 ft) to the top of pavement. Backfill materials were A-1 and A-2 soils per AASHTO M145. Backfill compaction effort was minimal. Pipes were instrumented with strain gages, displacement transducers, soil pressure cells, and thermocouples. All instruments are connected to dataloggers that are remotely accessed via an internet connection. This paper reports on the installation of the test pipe and early results on pipe performance. Deflections and strains are small. There has been some settlement in the backfill due to the low compaction levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 13:29:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2218119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnostic load testing and assessment of a corroded corrugated metal pipe culvert before rehabilitation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Buried culverts are important structures within the civil infrastructure that convey water beneath roadways, bridges, and other systems while also being load bearing. However, many culverts are deteriorating and reaching the end of their design life span, where assessment methods to determine whether replacement or rehabilitation techniques such as spray applied pipe liners (SAPLs) are needed to extend their service life. In this study, mounted sensors and vision-based measurement techniques are used to assess the in situ conditions of a culvert consisting of corrugated metal pipes before being rehabilitated with geopolymer (cementitious-based) SAPLs. Results from diagnostic load tests (variating from static to dynamic) are presented to evaluate maximum deformations, verify the load-carrying effectiveness of the SAPLs, and compare results to design calculations due to the presence of a live load acting on the culvert.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 09:28:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381689</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Spray-Applied Pipe Liners Repaired Corrugated Metal Pipes Buried Under Shallow Cover</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrugated metal pipes (CMPs) corrode over time. To maintain structural performance, deteriorated CMPS must be replaced or rehabilitated. Spray-applied pipe liners (SAPLs) are one of the quickest ways to rehabilitate deteriorated CMPs among other ways. Only a few lab tests and finite element studies from the past have been done on this new method. The calibration of a three-dimensional (3D) full-scale finite element method model using test results obtained at the Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education laboratory at the University of Texas at Arlington is covered in this paper. The tests were carried out on circular invert cut CMPs that had been rehabilitated with polymeric SAPLs. To repair the invert-cut CMPs, three different thicknesses were used: 0.25, 0.5, and 1-in. The removal of an 18-in. invert from the intact CMP represented the deterioration of the CMP. A full 3D corrugated model was developed to represent the test setup in the FE model using ABAQUS. To perform the calibration process, the load–displacement curves, earth pressure distribution, and strain around the liner were compared to the test results. The comparison of these parameters showed the capability of the model for verification. The verified FE model was used to generate the load–displacement graphs for other thicknesses and elastic modulus of the liner. In addition, the role of the embedment depth is also considered in the analyses in which the maximum deformation of the rehabilitated pipe has decreased by 58.9% with increasing the burial depth of the pipe from 0.4D (D?=?external pipe diameter) to 1.0D.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 11:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of a Corrugated Metal Pipe with Shallow Burial Depth in Loosely Compacted Sand: Soil Box Test and 3D Finite Element Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There have been many studies that have investigated the behavior of buried corrugated metal pipes (CMPs) in culvert applications. However, full-scale testing of buried culverts is a major undertaking since performing numerous large-scale tests is not always possible. A large-scale physical test was done on a corrugated metal pipe with a 1.52 m diameter under a monotonic loading test. The finite element modeling (FEM) tool (ABAQUS) was employed to verify and simulate different behaviors of a pipe-soil system. The finite element model showed a suitable match with the laboratory test results and properly identified local buckling as the failure mode for testing conditions, a CMP buried under shallow cover. The FE model indicated satisfactory performance in predicting the strains, bending moments, thrusts, and pressure distribution in the CMP. Subsequently, the behavior of CMP pipes was examined by increasing 25% and 100% in the burial depth and loading pad area, respectively. Results indicated that with an increase in the burial depth by 25%, the maximum deformation of the pipe at the crown decreased by approximately 31%. An increase in loading pad size by 100% led to a decrease in minimum factor safety at the crown by approximately 93%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 09:02:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269773</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP) Culverts during Past Earthquakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2149244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To evaluate culvert performance during earthquakes, the authors reviewed reconnaissance reports from six earthquakes and conducted field investigations in areas shaken by three of those earthquakes. Hundreds of CMP culverts were in place in strongly shaken areas. Lack of reported or observed damage to all but ten of these structures indicate that CMP culverts generally perform very well during strong earthquake shaking. Of the ten damaged culverts, all but one were in areas of ground failure caused by liquefaction or slope instability. The one culvert not in an area of ground failure suffered minor damage because of increased lateral pressures cracking a head wall and slightly deforming the pipe inlet. Damaging ground failures included embankment penetration into softened or liquefied foundation soils, lateral spread, ground oscillation and slope instability. Diameters of the examined culverts ranged from 0.45 m to 3.6 m.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Aug 2023 11:49:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2149244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Culvert Type Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2160655</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are three commonly used culvert types in Minnesota: concrete, corrugated steel pipe (CSP) and plastic. The latter is relatively newer. Therefore, Minnesota local agencies requested more insight on how to select a culvert type. A literature search was conducted, and although there are several technical resources, most of them focused on design vs culvert selection. This report summarizes three areas to assist with culvert selection: A summary of culvert use/experience by Minnesota local agencies; input from industry representatives providing recommended use; and a list of resources and design guides for each culvert type. The intent of this synthesis is NOT to provide recommendations, but to provide Minnesota cities and counties information, including links to resources, so that an agency can make their own decision on which culvert type is best for their context.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2023 17:05:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2160655</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Division of Engineering Research On-Call Services 2020-2023 Task 4: Implementation of Structural Design Methodology for Spray Applied Pipe Liners in Gravity Storm Water Conveyance Conduits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2132223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recently completed pooled fund study report on the structural design methodology of spray applied pipe liners [Najafi et al., 2021] was reviewed. The objective was to take a very lengthy and detailed report and determine how the findings could be applied via a more concise document. The research team reviewed in detail the laboratory study, field study, finite element model, and design equations. Some issues are identified and discussed, and recommendations for improvements in studying the problem are made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 2023 09:56:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2132223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Re-rounding of Deflected Thermoplastic Conduit, Phase 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875776</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Re-rounding is a technique for remediating excess deflection in a thermoplastic pipe using a pneumatic device vibrating along the vertical axis and pushing against the inside crown and invert to restore the original pipe shape and redistribute the surrounding backfill. Since the process has not been evaluated on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe outside a couple older reports, and the method is routinely used by contractors to remediate deflected thermoplastic pipes, ODOT wanted to evaluate the technology as a lower-cost alternative to removal and reinstallation of deflected pipes. Three 36 in (0.9 m) HDPE pipes were installed in ODOT Structural Backfill Type 1 (Item 304 aggregate), 2 (sand), or 3 (AASHTO #57 aggregate), and two 18 in (0.45 m) pipes were installed in Type 2 and 3 backfill. Pipes were intentionally installed with substantial deflection (10% or more) and then re-rounded by a vendor. The pipe conditions were measured and monitored by collecting profiles, measuring vertical deflections, monitoring soil pressures, soil stiffness, acceleration of soil particles (peak particle velocity), backfill characteristics, and depth of pipe corrugation before and after re-rounding. Re-rounding successfully reduced vertical deflections in all cases, though not always enough to meet the current serviceability criterion. The pipe in Item 304 backfill were the most resistant to re-rounding, going from -13.91% deflection to -8.62% after three passes with the device. The two pipes in Type 2 backfill (sand) responded better after two passes of the device (-9.89% to -8.57% for the 36 in (0.9 m) pipe and -14.50% to - 7.47% for the 18 in (0.45 cm) pipe). Pipes in Type 3 backfill (AASHTO #57 aggregate) were much easier to reround, taking only one pass of the device to go from -10.18% to -2.52% for the 36 in (0.9 m) pipe and -16.67% to -6.17% for the 18 in (0.45 m) pipe. Pressure data were consistent with redistribution of backfill particles, particularly fines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2021 11:18:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875776</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipes in Arkansas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metal culverts are being used by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT) on a frequent basis. The service life of these culverts mainly depends on the properties of culvert materials and surrounding environments. The selection of pipe material at any location is mostly controlled by its life cycle costs (LCC), which include construction, operation, and maintenance costs. In this study, life cycle costs of different metal pipes are evaluated based on the existing unit costs data and other construction, maintenance, and user associated costs of a culvert. Laboratory investigations were carried out to assess the properties of the soils collected from different parts of the state. The secondary soil and water quality data were collected from secondary sources. Using neural network models developed based on secondary and primary data from state agencies, the electrical resistivity of soils has been predicted for different locations within the state. Then, the service lives of three different metal pipes were estimated. Finally, based on the service life of different metal pipes, their life cycle costs were estimated, and the geographical information system (GIS) based maps were developed for all 75 counties in Arkansas. The maps show the most feasible locations of different metal pipe culverts based on the associated life cycle costs. This study will help the ArDOT engineers to select cost-effective metal culverts for any location within the state.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2021 16:28:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cost Effective Non-Flammable Pipe Liners</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1740709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrugated metal pipes corrode over time and are rehabilitated using liners. Ditch fires damage these liners and new replacements need to be found. Most liners consist of polyethylene which is flammable. Research included coatings, ceramic adhesives, polyurethane coatings, elastomeric coatings, resin pipes, and fiberglass pipes. Best solution was to use existing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liners with concrete end caps.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2020 17:00:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1740709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Testing of Invert-cut Corrugated Metal Pipes Renewed with Polymeric Spray Applied Pipe Lining</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1725777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Buried culverts are important components of highway infrastructure. Most large culverts are built decades ago from corrugated metal or reinforced concrete materials and now have reached their design life. A variety of renewal techniques can be utilized to enhance load carrying capacity of the existing deteriorated culverts and extend their design life. Spray applied pipe lining (SAPL) is a trenchless renewal methodology that applies layers of liner on the interior surface of the deteriorated host culvert. The SAPL’s generally fall into two categories: cementitious and polymeric materials. Currently, there is no standard method for structural design of SAPLs resulting in various methods being applied by SAPL vendors. To provide the essentials for development of a design methodology, the objective of this paper is to examine the structural performance of full scale soil box testing of 60 in. (1.5 m) diameter circular invert deteriorated (invert-cut) corrugated metal pipes (CMPs) renewed with three different thicknesses of polymeric SAPL. The inverts of the CMPs were cut to simulate invert deteriorated culvert in service conditions and maximize the applied static load on the SAPL. The pipe samples were backfilled with loose SP soil and buried under two feet (0.6 m) of soil cover. The performances of SAPL renewed CMPs were compared with a same size invert-cut bare CMP under the same testing configuration. The results indicated that depending on thickness of the polymeric SAPL, application of this method could improve the structural capacity of a fully deteriorated invert CMP culverts up to 80%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2020 17:53:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1725777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Corrugated Metal Pipe Culvert Invert Repair Using Engineered Cementitious Composite</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrugated metal pipe culverts undergo deterioration mainly in the invert because of corrosion and abrasion. This study investigated invert paving using engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in thicknesses of 1 in. or less above the crests of the corrugations in corrugated metal pipe made of galvanized steel. Such a thickness is not expected to have a large adverse effect on water flow characteristics. ECC contains short polyvinyl alcohol fibers and exhibits strain and deflection hardening under load. This behavior enables very tight numerous cracks that prevent the transport of solutions that would initiate or accelerate the deterioration of the culvert. Initially, in the laboratory, ECC made in small batches with locally available materials and regular concrete sand was developed and placed in culvert samples that had biaxial geogrids attached. Then, ECC was used in the field to pave the invert of deteriorated culverts and along the side where water rises most of the time. Biaxial geogrids were used to reinforce the thin ECC and to keep the concrete from sliding along the sides. ECC was truck mixed and sprayed using a trailer pump and shotcrete nozzle. It was found that ECC can be used to repair the inverts of deteriorated culverts successfully. An efficient mixer is needed to disperse the fibers for improved strength and ductility. The study recommends that ECC be considered for cost-effective repairs of the inverts of deteriorated culverts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2020 17:24:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736384</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Use, Durability, and Cost of Corrugated Steel Pipe on the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department's Highway System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reviewed the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department's policy of culvert type selection, durability of culvert pipe, and costs of replacement or rehabilitation of corrugated metal pipe . A literature search, survey of adjoining States, and results of Department investigations and field trials are included. Zinc-coated corrugated steel pipe (CSP) was found to be much less durable than reinforced concrete pipe (RCP). Current field reports indicate CSP is being replaced as early as 20 years of age due to rusting out of the lower portion of the flowline (invert). It is recognized that CSP has a lower initial installed cost than RCP. However, CSP is expected to be replaced one to four times during the anticipated life of an RCP. At this time, it is concluded that in order for CSP to be an equal alternate to RCP for culverts under roadways carrying high volumes of traffic, the pipe should have an expected life of at least 100 years. Costs for culvert replacement were found to be increasing annually and becoming a major item in the Department's budget. In 1986, the Department's own personnel placed 37,583 linear feet of CSP at a cost of $968,890 and CSP were replaced or lined by contract on 94,653 miles of roadway at a cost of $450,094. Various coatings for CSP were considered that extend the service life of CSP. However, no coating was found that extended the life and durability of CSP to the extent that it is comparable to RCP. The Department is reviewing its policy on materials used for crossroad pipe culverts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2020 15:16:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Filling the Valleys of Corrugated Metal Pipes by Trenchless Spray Applied Pipe Linings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1639150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Culverts are important components of the highway infrastructure. They form passageways through the embankment to convey storm water.  Culverts are structurally designed to support superimposed earth loads or other fill materials as well as live loads. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) considers culverts as buried structures with span less than 20 ft and for circular shapes diameters less than 20 ft. Corrugated metal pipes (CMPs) and reinforced concrete pipes (RCPs) are commonly used as culverts in the United States. Most of these culverts were installed four to five decades ago and have reached their design life. Culvert failures sometimes happen suddenly and may cause potholes on the pavement or total failure of the roadway embankment. Spray applied pipe linings (SAPLs) are trenchless technology solutions for culvert rehabilitation that prevent further deterioration, such as corrosion, abrasion, etc., and can provide structural support for severely damaged host culverts and drainage structures. There are currently no available standards for application of SAPLs and their installation details, such as filling corrugations, uniformity of their thicknesses, etc. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the need for filling the CMP valleys with SAPLs for enhancing structural and hydraulic performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2020 10:51:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1639150</guid>
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