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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Pedestrians’ Sidewalk Behavior in Developing Countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1470808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most city centers are compacted with heavy pedestrian flows. Despite with sufficient sidewalks, pedestrians use carriageways creating life threats and disturbing the smooth traffic flow. Since pedestrian group is heterogeneous, primary objective of this research is to develop an unbiased methodology to evaluate the most vital attributes influencing to evade the sidewalks. Current research exemplifies the effectiveness of Conjoint Analysis (CA) in evaluating the most influencing attributes. CA is a multivariate technique used to understand how respondents develop preference for products or services. Results of the CA interpret relative importance of each selected attribute. The accuracy of the CA is expected by selecting the most appropriate attributes and mutually independent levels for those attributes. Width of sidewalks, availability of obstacles, opposing pedestrian flow rate, availability of safety rails are few of the sidewalk attributes which mainly influence the usage of carriageways. With mutually independent attribute factor levels, nine hypothetical profiles were developed to evaluate the pedestrians’ reluctance to use the sidewalks. A sample of pedestrians completed the stated-preference survey by ranking the nine profiles. The results indicate ‘availability of obstacles’ is the most influencing factors while ‘opposing pedestrian flow rate’ becomes second. ‘Availability of safety rails’ is the least influencing factor. Total Utility Value (TUV) is calculated for selected sidewalks by assigning the appropriate attribute levels and substituting the part worth utility values obtained from conjoint results. To increase the usability of CA, results were related to pedestrians’ actual willingness to use the sidewalks. Thereby, a Pedestrian Preference Score (PPS) is defined for each sidewalk. A low PPS value and a low TUV were observed for the least using pedestrian sidewalks and higher values of PPS and TUV were observed for the sidewalks with a high pedestrian flow. This linear relation between PPS and TUV indicates CA is a better methodology to cluster the sidewalks based on pedestrians’ preference and sidewalk characteristics. This confirms that TUV can be used as an index to cluster the sidewalks. Based on the selected threshold values for this index, the sidewalks are graphically presentable with mapping tools available with ArcGIS. This index, which is defined as ‘Pedestrian Sidewalk Index’ under this study, represents a reliable information source using the qualitative judgments of the pedestrians.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2017 14:40:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1470808</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Concept design of commercial diesel engines reflecting customer preference</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Owing to strengthened environmental regulations concerning climate change issues, commercial diesel industry is focusing on technology development for reducing emissions but is making fewer efforts to reflect customer needs. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the part-worths of attribute levels representing customer needs for commercial diesel engines so that this information can be utilised to suggest new designs. The authors apply an adaptive conjoint analysis (ACA) to identify the optimal design considering not only the technology affecting emission and performance, but also the customer perception of commercial diesel engine used in buses and trucks. The results highlight key components for manufacturer and end user customer groups, respectively. In addition, the authors employ a choice simulation to understand market attractiveness for three potential products reflecting the actual commercial diesel engines being sold in South Korea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2017 15:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436934</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Value of Statistical Life in Fatal Injury Among Drivers and Riders in Malaysia: Conjoint Analysis Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1346176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road accidents tend to be a major cause of fatalities and disabilities in developing countries. In Malaysia, the issue of traffic accidents is now also regarded as one of the most serious social problems. Every year, both the government and the private sector spend huge resources on road safety programs, with the target of achieving zero fatality and reducing injury. In recent years, traffic accidents in Malaysia have caused a significant loss in terms of money, grief and suffering. To compensate for the social loss resulting from road accidents, the human costs that account for pain, grief, and suffering are usually added to the total accident costs for each severity type. This study adopts the method of valuation of statistical life (VOSL) to determine the associated pain, grief, and suffering costs resulting from road accidents. VOSL can be described as the monetary value of a fatality risk reduction that would prevent one statistical life. This study focuses on car drivers and motorcyclists in Malaysia as the subjects of the population. The focus of this report is to investigate the VOSL with regard to fatal injuries. The main objective of this research is to determine the VOSL for fatal injuries in every state in Malaysia. These VOSL are meant for car drivers and motorcyclists. Furthermore, the authors examine the relationship of age, income, gender, and race as well as other demographic factors to the value of the willingness to pay (WTP). The result of this study shows that the VOSL for fatal injuries to car drivers and motorcyclists in every state in Malaysia are rather comparable. For car drivers, the results range between RM (Ringgit Malaysia) 1,300,000 to RM 1,700,000. On the other hand, the motorcyclists are valued from RM 1,000,000 to RM 1,300,000.The VOSL estimates for Malaysian car drivers and motorcyclists are approximated to be at RM 1,450,000 and RM 1,150,000, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:20:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1346176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Women’s acceptance of and willingness-to-pay for connected vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When deployed, connected vehicles (CV) will communicate with the roadway and each other. Among the benefits of CV, safety stands out. It has been estimated that a full deployment of CV would mitigate 81 percent of all vehicle crashes involving unimpaired drivers. A decrease in crashes and vehicle conflicts would also improve mobility. Sources in the popular media estimate that women in the U.S. buy 52 to 65 percent of all new cars and influence 85 to 95 percent of all car buying decisions. Studies have indicated that women are more automobile safety and environment conscious but more vehicle price sensitive than men. Thus, consumer acceptance of and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for vehicle technology may vary by gender. The purposes of this research are to discern women’s WTP for CV, accounting for CV costs, socioeconomic characteristics, and perceived safety benefits and suggest policies for CV promotion and  diffusion. The methodology consists of an online survey of drivers and conjoint analysis. Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint analysis (ACBC) uses stated preferences for CV product bundles and estimates WTP by gender, income, education and age. For both men and women, price is the most important factor for choosing various bundles of CV technologies. The analyses indicate with statistical significance that women are more conscious of safety, fuel consumption, and environmental impacts when buying vehicles, but women had less knowledge of CV than men. Women’s budgets for vehicle purchases were lower than men’s, yet women are willing to pay as much as men at the individual technology level (e.g., safety) as well as at the aggregated level. Thus, women have higher WTP than men relative to their budgets and lesser knowledge. The associations of gender with income, education and age do not show statistically significant differences, but are suggestive. Women’s WTP declines greatly with high income and at age 50 and over. These findings have policy implications for CV promotion to mature women.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2015 09:07:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving conditions for potential New Zealand cyclists: An application of conjoint analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The New Zealand Government, along with many around the world, has made a commitment to reducing green house gases with its endorsement of the Kyoto Agreement. The Government has also declared war on obesity and is actively encouraging New Zealanders to exercise more. One of the easiest ways to work towards both outcomes is through encouraging people to cycle as a form of transport instead of using their car. With a nationwide survey and conjoint analysis this research investigates the motivations and barriers to using a bicycle for commuting. The perceived attitude of drivers to cyclists is identified as the major factor restricting the adoption of the bicycle for commuting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2014 15:49:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporation of customer satisfaction in public transport contracts - A preliminary analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1226404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The design of public transport contracts provides an opportunity to define service quality standards to which an operator can be held accountable. While the specification of service quality standards is a common practice, the relationships between the specifications and customer satisfaction are often methodologically unclear. Based on a South African case study, the paper uses data collected from a group of passengers who have personal cars but choose to use public transport, and a control group of passengers who only use their cars, in the same corridor as the user group, to estimate a service quality conjoint model. The model is used to evaluate the effect of different public transport service packages, defined in terms of different combinations of service attributes, on passenger satisfaction. The paper confirms the need to classify service attributes in terms of their relative impact on passenger satisfaction, at the service design stages, where performance in respect of some attributes has a disproportionate impact on satisfaction, especially where public transport is competing directly with private transport. Practical applications and limitations of the methodology are also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 13:49:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1226404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Approaches for Project Prioritization: Case Study in Puget Sound, Washington</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1128692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation projects in major metropolitan regions can vary widely in the types of benefits that they provide and in the scales of those benefits. Travel forecasting models and related procedures can provide reasonable estimates of those benefits, and many benefits can be distilled into equivalent monetary benefits by the use of consumer surplus or other valuation approaches. In theory, those methods could also be used to prioritize projects for funding consideration. However, an approach that simply chooses projects that provide the greatest net economic benefits may not result in a mix of projects that most effectively accomplishes broad regional goals. This paper describes an approach to project prioritization that was developed to support stakeholder-based weighting of multiple goals and, for each goal, multiple measures. The approach uses the analytic hierarchy approach to develop weights for each goal and a conjoint-based method to estimate stakeholder weights for each measure. The approach was applied as part of Washington State's Puget Sound Regional Council's Transportation 2040 process and achieved the goals in VISION 2040, the long-range land use plan. Weighting exercises were conducted with two stakeholder groups, and the results were applied to a set of proposed ferry, rail, highway, and local road projects. This paper describes the details of this case study and provides observations and conclusions from the work. The principal findings of the experiments were that statistically robust modeling conducted in real time during planning committee meetings can improve the transparency, equity, and collaboration of the project prioritization process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:05:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1128692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Pedestrians’ Illegal Road-Crossing Behavior in Developing Countries using Conjoint Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1130772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most city centers in developing countries have heavy pedestrian flows. Even when there are sufficient pedestrian road crossing facilities, pedestrians follow illegal road crossing patterns creating life threats and disturbing the smooth traffic flow. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the most influencing attributes that predispose to illegal road crossings. Current research exemplifies the effectiveness of conjoint analysis (CA) in evaluating the most influencing attributes. CA is a multivariate technique used to understand how respondents develop preference for products or services. Results of the CA could be used to interpret relative importance of each selected attribute. The accuracy of the CA is improved by selecting the most appropriate attributes and mutually independent levels for those attributes. Available literature suggests illegal road crossings are governed by two factors: psychological characteristics and physical environment. Familiarity of the location, reason for the crossing illegally, and the number of companions were selected as pertinent attributes of ‘psychological characteristics’ in this study. Traffic condition, road type, sidewalk condition, and geometry of the road were the selected pertinent attributes for ‘physical environmental settings’. With fractional factorial design, hypothetical profiles were developed. A sample of pedestrians completed the stated-preference survey (i.e., hypothetical profiles) by ranking nine hypothetical profiles developed for each factor separately. The results indicated that ‘familiarity’ was the most influencing attribute under ‘psychological characteristics’. Number of companions came second while reason for the illegal road crossing was the least influencing attribute. Under physical environmental settings, ‘traffic condition’ was the most influencing attribute, followed by road geometry and road type. Least influencing attribute was the sidewalk condition. Pedestrians’ preference survey was conducted to evaluate the tendency of crossing illegally at known locations. Pedestrian preference score value and total utility value for each pedestrian crossing was plotted to identify road crossings that persuade pedestrians to cross illegally.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 12:16:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1130772</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling improvements in booster seat use: A discrete choice conjoint experiment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1116549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automobile crashes are the leading cause of death in children aged 1-14 years. Many children, however, are not properly restrained in safety seats that reduce serious injury and death. This study used a discrete choice conjoint experiment to study factors influencing the decision to use booster seats. Parents of 1714 children aged 4-9 years from nine Canadian provinces completed choice tasks presenting experimentally varied combinations of 15 4-level booster seat promotion attributes. Latent class analysis yielded three segments of parents. The choices of the Benefit Sensitive segment (50%) were most sensitive to the injury prevention benefits of booster seats. The choices of parents in the Context Sensitive segment (33.5%) were more likely to be influenced by installation complexity, oppositional behavior, and the prospect that their child may be teased for riding in booster seats. Parents in the High Risk segment (16.5%) were younger, less educated, and less knowledgeable about vehicle safety legislation. They anticipated fewer benefits, expected more barriers and were less likely to use booster seats. Simulations suggest that consistent enforcement coupled with advertising focusing on injury prevention and the use of booster seats by other parents would increase adoption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 07:13:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1116549</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Context-Dependent Preference Formation in Multi-stakeholder Land Development Processes Using Conjoint Adaptation Experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The changing role of urban planning from regulatory to public-private development planning implies the need to develop models of multi-stakeholder decisions. This paper develops and illustrates an approach based on conjoint adaptation experiments. These experiments systematically vary not only the development options of interest, but also the preferences of the other stakeholders. This allows estimating the extent to which preferences of a particular stakeholder are influenced and adapted to those of other stakeholders. The suggested modeling approach is illustrated using new shopping center development as an example. Results support the applicability of the approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2011 11:21:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hierarchical Information Integration Experiments and Integrated Choice Experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/903076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When conjoint experiments are applied to study complex decision making that involve many attributes, this often results in problems of information overload and respondent burden, potentially jeopardizing the validity of such experiments. To avoid or reduce the impact of these potential problems, Hierarchical Information Integration has been suggested. The key notion is to classify the large number of potentially influential attributes into a smaller set of decision constructs, construct separate experimental designs for each of these constructs and in addition a bridging design that allows the scaling of all part-worth utilities into a concatenated utility expression. The basic approach suggested for preference measurements has been elaborated for other measurement tasks and the original design strategy has been refined into an alternative approach. This paper summarizes these developments and briefly discusses aspects of respondent burden and validity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 08:38:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/903076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dealing with Increased Complexity in Conjoint Experiments: Background and Overview of Alternate Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/903072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper serves as background information for the TRB workshop on stated preference modelling. The main argument of the paper is that the development of stated preference and choice models has witnessed increased complexity, which in turn has led to higher respondent burden. The paper discusses some examples of such increased complexity and some potential solutions to reduce respondent burden. Because some of these developments and solutions are discussed in more detail in other workshop papers, the level of detail in this paper depends on the specific topic. Those topics that are not discussed in the workshops receive slightly more attention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 08:38:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/903072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Simplifying Information Processing Strategies in Conjoint Experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/880544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conjoint experiments are based on the assumption that respondents consider all attributes varied in the experiment when providing preference evaluations or choosing between choice alternatives. Recently, some research has examined the validity of this assumption by empirically analyzing the impact of the number of attributes on estimated utilities. It suggests that respondents not only build up a mental representation of the decision problem in reality, but also when they provide value judgments in a conjoint experiment. It implies that explicit modeling of this process of mental representation and information processing may improve the validity of conjoint estimates. This paper puts forward such a modeling approach and compares its validity with that of a conventional conjoint choice model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2009 07:48:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/880544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Employing Latent Class Regression Analysis to Examine Logistics Theory: An Application of Truck Driver Retention</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/883666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[That theoretical and research models that recognize, no matter the logistics research context, that different segments should be explored by logistics researchers is suggested in this article, which focuses on truck driver retention. Segments for a number of logistics research contexts, including suppliers, employees, markets, and customers, should be examined by future logistics research. Research techniques by which logistics researchers can better examine and explore their chosen logistics research context segments are latent class regression, conjoint analysis, and maximum difference scaling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2009 12:32:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/883666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of E-Business on Air Travel Markets: Distribution of Airline Tickets in Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early e-business activity in the airline industry was limited to the provision of flight schedule information to customers on websites. Recently, however, many airlines have expanded the capability of their web sites for selling tickets to make use of this cheap distribution channel. Here, we explore the impacts of airline e-business on the performance of air ticket distribution channels. Through a conjoint analysis, we suggest a model to estimate the change of market sales for each distribution channel. The impact of e-business on air travel markets and some implications on e-business strategy for both airlines and travel agents are also identified through an empirical survey.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Dec 2006 15:38:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794487</guid>
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