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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The Strained Relationship of Offshore Wind Energy and Shipping: Promoting Coexistence under the Law of the Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652140</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the relationship between the navigational freedoms of all states and the sovereign rights of coastal states to authorize and construct offshore wind farms within their exclusive economic zone under the law of the sea. It focuses on how coastal states have considered shipping lanes and routeing measures in the planning of offshore wind projects, and how proposals for adjusting routeing measures to facilitate such development have been received by other states at the International Maritime Organization. The analysis shows that, contrary to some interpretations, the law of the sea provides coastal states with extensive procedural autonomy in balancing offshore wind development and navigational interests, including broad discretion to adapt routeing schemes to accommodate offshore wind. At the same time, early and inclusive marine spatial planning, supported by transparent notification and consultation procedures, can operationalize the preventive logic of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea—promoting coexistence between navigation and offshore wind while contributing to the efficient and sustainable use of maritime space.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2026 16:58:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652140</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resolving Stakeholder Conflicts in Overseas Port Investment Projects: Improved Graph Model for Conflict Resolution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compared to typical challenges in port investment projects, such as land compensation and environmental pollution, overseas port investment projects (OPIPs) face complex international political environments and cultural differences. These factors lead to stakeholder conflicts, causing project delays, cost overruns, or even cancellations. Developing effective methods for managing stakeholder conflicts in OPIPs has become a pressing and challenging research issue. This study integrates the graph model for conflict resolution with the intuitionistic fuzzy set-TOPSIS algorithm and develops a five-stage evolution model for OPIPs’ stakeholder conflicts. The model is validated through labor conflicts at Kyaukpyu Port in Myanmar. The results indicated that (1) Kyaukphyu Port developed two distinct approaches to resolve labor employment conflicts: a government-led mode centered on policy adjustment and cooperation, and an enterprise-driven conflict escalation mode characterized by government delay and enterprise withdrawal; (2) the timing and approach of government intervention, along with corporate social responsibility, were key factors influencing the resolution pathways of labor employment conflict; and (3) stakeholder conflicts in OPIPs progress through the stages of potential opposition, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes, with conflict intensity following a typical inverted U-shaped trend. This study provides decision-makers with a scientific tool for conflict management and resolution pathways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646103</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Dispute Resolution Processes in State Departments of Transportation Projects: A Case Study Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Around 10% to 30% of construction projects encounter significant challenges, with over 25% resulting in official claims. When parties are unable to reach a resolution, they resort to the dispute resolution process (DRP) depicted in their contracts, which, if effective, should resolve the dispute timely and fairly. This aper proposes measures to assess the effectiveness of DRPs used by state departments of transportation (DOTs). To achieve this objective, case studies were conducted on seven DOTs’ DRPs, which included content analysis of specification documents and semistructured interviews with various stakeholders. A thematic analysis was further conducted to determine the DRP effectiveness measures. This included primary (team working relationships, consistent industry involvement, DRP adherence, resolving disputes at lowest possible level, timeliness in resolving disputes) and ancillary measures (performance metrics and tracking, training) that affect DRP effectiveness. DOTs can use these measures to assess their DRP effectiveness and focus on areas of improvement. One limitation of this study is that it is limited to the seven cases presented and thus a quantitative assessment method can be further developed to evaluate DRP effectiveness comprehensively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 16:58:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated Framework for Civil Complaint Analysis in Road Construction Projects Using Natural Language Processing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Civil complaints are a significant risk in road construction projects owing to their inherent unpredictability and broad scope. Therefore, complaints must be managed systematically to facilitate proactive prevention and prompt responses. Currently, civil complaint data from national road construction projects in Korea are collected through civil complaint processing records and official documents, which are digitally archived via the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport’s construction project management system. However, the absence of structured classification criteria complicates the retrieval of relevant information and hinders comprehensive analyses. Previous studies on construction civil complaint management have focused on analyzing complaints and providing information for citizens or administrative agencies, and a comprehensive approach to civil complaint management from the perspective of construction sites has not been established. Therefore, this study designed an automated framework that uses natural language processing (NLP) to analyze civil complaint documents related to road construction projects. Three task models were developed to extract and classify practical civil complaint information and an automated document analysis process was established. The models included KoELECTRA-based civil-complaint-type classification, civil-complaint-demand classification, and KPF-BERT-based facility-name recognition models. Data collection and preprocessing standards, civil complaint classification criteria, and a dictionary of facility terminology were developed to support the creation of the models. The weighted average F1 scores of the three task models were 0.936, 0.976, and 0.757, respectively. The proposed framework was implemented as a prototype web-based interface. This allowed key civil complaint information to be extracted rapidly and presented to support swift decision-making and systematically managed previously unstructured civil complaint documents. This study contributes to construction knowledge from theoretical and practical perspectives. It demonstrates the potential of automating road construction civil complaint analysis through an NLP-based structured framework. This framework also enables systematic and comprehensive management of complaint data, supporting complaint response operations at road construction sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 14:51:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Examining The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Conflict Management; Aviation Industry Example</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions while understanding others’ feelings, while conflict management involves resolving differences in opinions, needs, or goals. Emotional intelligence enhances empathy, stress control, and communication skills, enabling more constructive conflict resolution. Understanding the relationship between emotional intelligence and conflict management is crucial for areas like security, personal growth, work efficiency, leadership, relationships, and education. This connection is especially significant in the aviation sector, where dynamic, high-stakes environments demand effective interpersonal and problem-solving skills. Despite its importance, studies on this subject within the aviation industry are limited. This study seeks to evaluate the emotional intelligence and conflict management skills of cabin and cockpit crew to develop tailored training programs. These professionals face diverse and challenging situations, requiring them to manage passengers’ emotions, make rapid decisions, and communicate under stress. Situations such as customer interactions, teamwork, operational challenges, and emergencies increase the likelihood of conflict. Understanding the interplay between emotional intelligence and conflict management in this sector can provide insights to improve safety and operational efficiency. A questionnaire will be used to collect data from 163 participants, including both the cabin and cockpit crew. It includes 45 questions, with 28 on the Thomas Conflict Management Styles Model and 17 on the Emotional Intelligence Scale, both using a 5-point Likert scale. The Conflict Management Scale assesses styles such as compliance, conciliation, avoidance, cooperation, and competition. The Emotional Intelligence Scale examines emotional awareness, expression, understanding, management, social skills, empathy, and stress coping. This research aims to bridge a gap in aviation studies, offering actionable insights to improve conflict management practices and enhance the role of emotional intelligence. By identifying key factors influencing interpersonal interactions and decision-making, this study hopes to support safety, efficiency, and workforce development in the aviation sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 15:19:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolutionary game of stakeholders in the ‘high-speed rail battle’ under a dual principal-agent relationship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates conflicts and strategic interactions in high-speed rail (HSR) station placement, where limited resources and high demand have led local governments to compete for station rights, often inciting public protests. This study employs a dual principal-agent framework to analyze stakeholder conflicts. An evolutionary game theory model, the “high-speed rail battle” model, is constructed, incorporating the public, local governments, and the central decision-makers. Simulation analysis investigate the impact of initial strategy choices and key parameter variations on stakeholder decision-making. The research findings indicate that (1) In the initiation stage, the public leverage's public opinion feedback to advocate for station placement, while local governments convey demands to higher authorities, and central decision-makers uphold the original plan. (2) In the development stage, as collective resistance gains strength, local governments align with the public to pressure central decision-makers, who, after weighing the economic savings and credibility risks, find the new plan acceptable. (3) In the outbreak stage, despite the potential resistance costs, the public takes risks for additional benefits, while local governments suppress protests to avoid penalties, and central decision-makers adopt the new plan when its benefits outweigh repression and potential credibility costs. (4) Simulations demonstrate that enhanced HSR utility fuels public resistance, triggering protest suppression by local governments under high social disorder risks or pressure, while central decision-makers dynamically adapt policies based on protest intensity and instability costs. This study aims to promote the rationality and feasibility of project decisions while maintaining social stability and harmony.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extracting aircraft conflict-resolution situations from historical ADS-B data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Existing conflict resolution models are often based on theoretical frameworks that, while providing optimal solutions under specific criteria, may not fully align with real-world controller decision-making practices. This gap between model predictions and actual behavior can lead to low acceptance of automated tools. Understanding how controllers resolve conflicts in daily operations could help design assistance tools that generate advisories more likely to be accepted and integrated into their workflow. This study introduces a data-driven methodology for identifying and cataloguing air traffic deconfliction instances using historical ADS-B data. By analyzing trajectory deviations and their impact on predicted aircraft separations, the authors extract instances of deconfliction and encode them into a structured dataset. This dataset captures key elements of each event, including sector information, deviated aircraft details, predicted non-deviated trajectories, and surrounding traffic conditions. The approach facilitates large-scale analysis of air traffic control decision-making, providing a foundation for developing conflict resolution models that better reflect operational practices. This paper details the methodology and process used to construct this dataset.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Web-Based Negotiation Tool for Conflict Resolution in Higher Airspace Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In higher airspace operations, vehicles such as high-altitude, long-endurance balloons and fixed-wing gliders have diverse characteristics and limited maneuverability. To handle vehicles with these unique characteristics, a new strategic negotiation-based conflict resolution method with a real-time web-based negotiation tool has been proposed to avoid potential conflict between vehicles in Upper Class E airspace. To facilitate negotiation, this tool incorporates a bilateral negotiation model with an algorithm to assess conflict risks and generate new flight trajectories with a given flight path deviation. This tool allows users to make decisions during negotiation, both manually and automatically, while enforcing the necessary constraints for successful negotiation. An experimental study is carried out to evaluate the impact of varying negotiation strategies, vehicle types, crossing angles, and operator response times during negotiation on metrics such as total completion time, number of negotiation rounds, and extra flight distance to avoid conflict. The results suggest that operators benefit from using negotiated flight paths with quick response times across various crossing angles and vehicle types. Compared to the conventional method, where a single operator assumes full responsibility, the findings suggest that negotiation-based strategic deconfliction reduces the total extra flight distance by an average of 25%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 11:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do costs and team-building conflict in airline crew scheduling? An individual crew pairing approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recognizing the importance of team spirit for cabin crew, airlines used to schedule cabin crew members in teams. In recent years, airlines have operated with increasingly diversified types of aircraft with heterogeneous manpower demands. Thus, many airlines have started to adopt the individual approach to construct itineraries for each cabin crew member to better characterize manpower demand heterogeneity. Due to improved flexibility, the individual approach can better utilize crews to enhance cost efficiency, but it may lead to reduced team spirit. To mitigate the drawbacks of the individual approach, we introduce the concept of pairing similarity (both flight-based similarity and duty-based similarity), which represents the scenarios that crew members work together on the same flights or duties. Based on the new concepts, we propose a novel individual crew pairing model that aims to promote the development of pairing similarity. A column generation-based algorithm is constructed to efficiently solve the model. Computational results demonstrate that our proposed model is able to improve team-building opportunities when the individual approach is adopted. However, this benefit is accompanied by an increased operations cost. Our experiments suggest that there exists a range in which the team-building opportunities are improved with a relatively small increase in operations costs. Thus, airlines are suggested to carefully determine the team-building enhancement level while enjoying the cost efficiency of the individual approach. Besides, through a comparative analysis of the two pairing similarity measures, it is found that the duty-based similarity measure shows a stronger ability to improve team spirit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:49:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of CRM on Trust and Conflict Between Civil Aviation Pilots and Cabin Crew</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the impact of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training on trust and conflict between civil aviation pilots and cabin crew. The aim is to understand if shared perception of CRM training affects trust enhancement and conflict reduction among these two professional groups. CRM training emphasizes non-technical skills vital for operational efficiency and aviation safety, including leadership, situational awareness, and teamwork. Prior research has established that human factors contribute significantly to aviation accidents, and CRM training targets these by improving communication and collaborative skills among flight teams. The study utilized a survey distributed to civil aviation pilots and cabin crew within several domestic airlines. Respondents rated their perceptions of CRM training and its impact on trust and conflict in their professional interactions. Statistical analyses, including multiple regression, were employed to interpret the survey data, focusing on the mediating effect of age. Findings revealed that positive perceptions of CRM training significantly correlate with increased trust and reduced conflict between pilots and cabin crew. Older participants showed stronger positive correlations, indicating age as a significant moderator in the effectiveness of CRM training. CRM training plays a crucial role in enhancing trust and reducing conflict among aviation professionals, with age significantly influencing these outcomes. Continuous focus on CRM’s role in fostering teamwork can further support safety and operational efficacy in civil aviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2025 09:36:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567018</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of Dispute Causes and Analysis of Resolution Mechanisms in Metro Rail Projects Using a Fuzzy Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction industry is highly susceptible to project disputes, which frequently arise from unexpected circumstances and result in considerable time delays and financial losses. Consequently, collaborative efforts are essential to resolve these issues effectively because unresolved conflicts can disrupt ongoing projects, strain professional relationships, and jeopardize future collaborations. Metro rail projects, now integral to urban public transportation systems, require extensive planning before commencement. These large-scale projects demand considerable resources and time, increasing the likelihood of disputes. Therefore, this research aims to identify common disputes in Indian metro rail projects and determine the most preferred resolution methods. A questionnaire survey was distributed to project managers and engineers with significant experience in metro rail projects, and responses were collected on ranking the disputes and dispute resolution mechanisms using a 5-point Likert scale. The ranking was further improved through a fuzzy approach (FA) with a trapezoidal membership function to calculate average fuzzy weights (AFWs). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results, showing no significant changes in the rankings. This research identifies the most detrimental factors affecting project progress and the preferred methods for resolving disputes in Indian metro rail projects. The findings enabled assisting decision makers in promptly adopting effective dispute resolution methods, thereby reducing delays and financial impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2025 08:25:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing and Managing Disruptive and Unruly Behavior in Airports: A Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of incidents involving disruptive, threatening, or violent behavior in commercial airports has increased in recent years. However, much of the response to these incidents has been focused on addressing behavior in flight, leaving airport operators with limited guidelines tailored to the airport environment.  ACRP Research Report 280: Reducing and Managing Disruptive and Unruly Behavior in Airports: A Guide, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, presents a practical guide for reducing and responding to incidents of disruptive, threatening, or violent behavior in an airport setting. The guide examines the topic holistically and offers a structured approach to understanding root causes, prevention and mitigation strategies, coordinated response, and postincident analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2025 16:03:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A framework for collaborative UAM traffic flow optimization with mission preferences: Incorporating customized strategy synergy into strategic conflict management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative solution to urban transportation, yet the safe and efficient implementation requires advanced UAM traffic management approaches. Although existing studies prioritize the generation of conflict-free 4-D trajectories, critical mission-specific preferences remain insufficiently integrated, influencing stakeholders’ acceptance and operational feasibility. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a collaborative UAM Traffic Flow Management (UTFM) framework that models explicit interaction constraints, combining mission preferences with strategy synergy. The framework centers on the UTFM model featuring a hierarchical conflict management architecture. In the strategic phase, the deterministic separation threshold is applied to resolve 4-D conflicts proactively, while the pre-tactical phase employs probabilistic constraints to manage flight uncertainties during disruption recovery. To solve the UTFM problem, a novel two-stage optimization algorithm is developed. The first stage encodes the conflict-based solution space via recurrent path searching and linear mapping techniques, while the second stage optimizes the 4-D flight plans by determining strategy-specific decision variables. Additionally, the Transit Search Optimization (TSO) algorithm is introduced and enhanced through constraint transcription and normal cloud model. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the framework can generate robust and efficient flight plans under complex constraints with diverse mission preferences. The framework could support high-throughput UAM operations with customized requirements, offering a prototype for the advanced UAM traffic management system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 2025 09:25:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577228</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A hierarchical conflict resolution strategy for collision avoidance in multi-ship encounter scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the entire process of collision avoidance, conducting appropriate collision risk analysis is crucial for making effective decisions and ensuring maritime navigational safety. However, present studies on collision avoidance decision-making frequently fail to adequately address the significance of risk relevance and the coordination of actions, especially in complex multi-ship encounter situations. To overcome such limitations, a hierarchical conflict resolution strategy for collision avoidance in multi-ship encounter scenarios is proposed, which not only significantly reduces the complexity of multi-ship collision avoidance, but also has a better compliance with navigation practice. To this end, by combining Gaussian fitting, average link hierarchical clustering as well as silhouette coefficient, a conflict connectivity analytical method is proposed to help distinguish different clusters. In order to accurately acquire the action sequence in each cluster, the entropy weight method is adopted to standardize the collision risk index by reasonably assigning weights. Ultimately, a hierarchical conflict resolution mechanism is introduced to facilitate efficient and coordinated collision avoidance decision-making. The simulation results highlight that the proposed mechanism exhibits significant advantages in various maritime environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 15:31:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beyond face Validity: Assessment of a participatory value evaluation for an institutionalized transport conflict</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The importance of public participation in transport planning continues to increase. Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) is a relatively new instrument to involve citizens in transport planning. In a PVE, citizens are put into the shoes of a policymaker and see which polices are considered, the impacts of the policies and the constraint that the policymaker faces. Subsequently, citizens are asked to advise the policymaker on which policy options should be chosen and why.So far PVE has been successfully applied in contexts in which citizens and stakeholders broadly agreed on the pursued policy goals. It is, however, unclear whether PVE is equally valuable in contexts in which stakeholders have conflicting interests. This paper investigates whether deploying PVE in an institutionalized transport conflict results in similar benefits and costs as in contexts where stakeholders pursue the same goals. The authors studied a PVE application in which 2466 participants provided recommendations to the government about decision-making regarding Schiphol Airport, the Netherlands. Stakeholders were involved in many phases of and decisions on the PVE design process. The aim of this research was twofold. First, to establish whether the benefits of applying PVE in an institutionalized transport conflict outweigh the costs. Second, to develop an instrument to assess the face validity of PVE as experienced by participants.They find that PVE can provide similar benefits in the context of an institutionalized conflict compared to cases in which such a conflict was absent. Citizens participated who normally do not participate and the PVE produced useful outcomes for decision-making. However, a notable difference is that the design phase of the PVE involved several feedback rounds which made it much more time-intensive than other cases. Hence, the benefit that PVE requires low time investment of civil servants that emerged in other studies was not applicable when applying PVE to an institutionalized transport conflict setting. Furthermore, stakeholders could not agree on various design choices of the PVE. To satisfy the diverging requests of stakeholders a very lengthy PVE was constructed. As a result, the satisfaction among participants about its face validity was relatively low.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562653</guid>
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