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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Nonlinear buckling of steel cone-segmented cylinders under external pressure: numerical and experimental evaluations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The nonlinear buckling of cone-segmented cylinders under external pressure has been investigated. The cylinders include four nominally identical cones and their slant angles ranged from 0°–20° in every 1° increments. Note that the cylinder with a 0° slant angle forms a circular cylinder that is used for comparisons. Two nominally identical cone-segmented and circular cylinders have been fabricated, manufactured, measured, and tested. The numerical simulations for these cylinders are in good agreement with their experimental counterparts. Both linear and nonlinear buckling behaviours of the cylinders have also been evaluated, and the optimal slant angle can then be identified to be 6°–8°. These optimal imperfect cylinders yield buckling loads 1.7–2.8 times greater than those of an imperfect equivalent circular cylinder. The results reveal a new finding that the average buckling load of the cone-segmented cylinders is approximately 2.3 times that of the equivalent circular cylinders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 08:49:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guidance for Incorporating Work Zone Data within Traffic Management Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2490986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ability for agencies to notify vehicles that they are approaching a work zone has the potential to reduce crashes by increasing motorists’ awareness of the conditions. A critical element of this ability involves providing accurate work zone information and reducing the potential for false alerts that motorist ignore, which can be accomplished through connected temporary traffic control devices (cTTCDs) such as connected arrow boards. Guidance is needed for agencies on integrating work zone data into traffic management operations to enhance safety and efficiency. This study focused on cTTCDs such as connected arrow boards, connected traffic cones, and other smart devices that improve the accuracy of work zone information. The research documents the current state of the practice, evaluates various cTTCDs, and explores methods for their integration into an agency’s work zone management system through technology such as an advanced traffic management system (ATMS). For a broad view of how arrow boards can be integrated, arrow board data were summarized across 18 states. In total, 498,358 arrow board activations were captured between January 2023 and August 2024. As the search radius around each arrow board decreased, the percentage of locations that were unambiguously associated with a single roadway increased, with 86.6% of locations being unambiguous at a search radius of 25 ft. In total, 62% of arrow board activations had the closest roadway within 50 ft of the arrow board, with a majority of arrow board activations within close proximity to a roadway and two-thirds of the closest activations being less than 25 ft. In terms of the potential benefits, the arrow board activations near a work zone represented only 11.3% of the total activations in Wisconsin, 1.2% of the total activations in Colorado, and 31.1% of the total activations in Iowa. In Iowa, arrow board activations occurred on average 290 minutes before the reported start time and 0.99 miles before the reported start location for verified work zones and on average 139 minutes before the reported start time and 0.51 miles before the reported start location for estimated work zones. The use of cTTCDs such as connected arrow boards is expected to continue to increase, which will result in the need for additional research to continue to explore how this information can be utilized for real-time and historical analysis. The potential for automating the process of associating arrow boards and work zones still faces implementation challenges, but these can be overcome with continued evaluation and deployment of cTTCDs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2025 11:10:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2490986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applying Regular Relief onto Conical Surfaces of Continuously Variable Transmission to Enhance Its Wear Resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475210</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While investigating the variator transmission of vehicles, the relationship between the technological and service parameters of the working surfaces of conical disks treated by technological methods was established. The service properties are proposed to be enhanced by Regular MicroReliefs (RMRs) created on such surfaces. The optimal technological processing conditions were found, which allow retaining the greatest amount of lubricant. The causes of surface defects, formed on the working surfaces of conical disks of the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), are systematized and classified. The wear resistance of such surfaces is proposed to be enhanced by technological methods, in particular, by forming partially RMRs on them. Their application facilitates relaxation processes on the material near to the surface, reduces shear stresses and strains, thus preventing the formation of burrs and extending the life of the conical disks of the CVT. A novel approach for obtaining the toolpaths of the deforming element, based on the so-called “Commis–Voyageur problem” algorithms, is employed in order to research the possibilities for involving that methods in toolpath generation. Dependences between the partial RMR’s formation conditions (deforming forces and feedrate) and microgeometric quality parameters are established. The latter include surface roughness, with a partially RMR applied onto the face surfaces of the test specimen (rotary body). It is found that these microreliefs enhance the ability of oil retaining in plastically deformed traces, formed over the operational surfaces, in comparison with those, that are processed by traditional cutting methods, as turning for example.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2024 09:14:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475210</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Formation Tracking Control of the Traffic Cone Robots System Under the Environmental Constraints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A novel formation tracking control method for traffic cone robots (TCRs) under environmental constraints is presented. In this paper, the TCRs can perform swarm behaviors and track fixed targets under environmental constraints. The formation tracking controller for TCRs is designed using feedforward control (artificial potential functions) and feedback control methods (to eliminate initial position errors). To deal with the environmental constraints (which are formulated as the bilateral constraints) in the formation tracking process, a novel transform method is designed based on the differential homeomorphism method. The TCRs’ position is bounded within a prescribed bound by the choice of a suitable mapping function. Based on the Lyapunov stability analysis, the proposed control method ensures formation tracking performance (including uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness). Under the proposed control method, the feasibility of the TCRs system is verified by a range of numerical simulations and real experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:42:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Axial Resistance of Piles Considering Consolidation Setup and Aging Setup Using Direct Pile Cone Penetration Test Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on evaluating the increase in axial pile resistance subjected to both consolidation and aging setups. Consolidation and aging setup models were first developed to estimate the setup parameters based on databases collected from literature, which include 10 instrumented piles for consolidation setup and 26 test piles for long-term aging. The eight top-performing pile cone penetration test (CPT) methods that were evaluated in a previous study were used to estimate the side resistance of soil layers at 14?days after pile driving. The developed consolidation and aging setup models were then used to extrapolate the results to evaluate the side resistance of each soil layer at the end of consolidation and for long-term aging. The estimated side and total resistances were compared with the measurements from pile load tests considering both consolidation and aging setups. The resistances estimated before and after completion of excess pore water pressure dissipation indicates that significant aging takes place after consolidation setup. The value of consolidation setup parameter (Ac) was 0.53, and, for aging, the setup parameter (Ag) was 0.23 in clay and 0.16 in sand. The results show that all pile CPT methods with/without using a consolidation setup model tend to underestimate the unit side resistance of clay soil layers. The use of pile CPT methods in combination with an aging model improved the accuracy of pile CPT methods, and this was verified using load test results for five piles subjected to aging. The Philipponnat and University of Florida (UF) methods showed the best performance on estimating the total resistance of piles subjected to aging.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2024 14:23:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Experiment and Simulation Study on Developing Algorithms for CAVs to Navigate Through Roadworks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Navigating through roadworks represents one of the main sources of safety risk for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) due to the altered road layouts. The built-in base maps do not normally reflect these changes, causing CAVs to experience difficulties in sensing and trajectory generation. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate different collision-free trajectory generation for CAVs at roadworks to improve safety and traffic performance. Trajectory generation algorithms using lane-level dynamic maps were examined for: 1) CAVs rely on data from in-vehicle sensor only; and 2) CAVs receive additional information via a Smart Traffic Cone (STC) in advance regarding roadwork configurations. Experiments were conducted at a controlled motorway facility operated by National Highways (England) using a vehicle instrumented with a suite of sensors. Schematics of the roadworks scenario were translated into an integrated simulation platform consisting of a traffic microsimulation (VISSIM) to simulate traffic dynamics and a sub-microscopic simulator (PreScan) capable of simulating vehicle autonomy and connectivity. Results indicate that traffic conflicts and delays decrease by 40% and 3% respectively when CAVs receive additional information in advance (i.e., Scenario 2) compared to the other scenario. These findings would assist road network operators in developing ‘CAV-enabled roadworks’ and vehicle manufacturers in designing a vehicle-based ‘roadworks assist’ system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:48:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crashworthiness investigation of conical tubes using dimensional analysis method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studied the energy absorption performance of conical tubes subjected to dynamic axial loading based on numerical finite element calculations. The influence of geometric parameters and material properties on the collapse behavior and energy absorption was discussed. The results showed that the two materials considered in this study have little effect on deformation mode of conical tubes, while the taper angle has a significant effect on deformation mode of conical tubes, and a classification chart of deformation modes for conical tubes was proposed. It was found that the conical tubes with TM mode have the best energy absorption characteristics, and the aluminum alloy conical tubes is more effective than similar tubes made from mild steel. Based on dimensional analysis, a model was proposed to predict the dynamic response of conical tubes under axial loading, including deformation displacement, energy absorption, specific energy absorption and mean crushing force. The results predicted by the proposed model were found to match well with the finite element analysis results. Furthermore, the equivalent substitution method between the aluminum alloy and mild steel conical tubes was studied, which concluded that the energy absorption equivalence method is better for lightweight design of energy-absorbing conical tubes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2023 16:10:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Protecting Roadside Workers: Field Evaluation of Flares, Cones, and Tow Truck Light Patterns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2094661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motor vehicle towing workers and other personnel working at roadside are at risk of being struck while performing their jobs, with higher rates of nonfatal and fatal injuries than workers in other industries. Thus, there is a need for additional research to identify and increase the use of countermeasures to improve the safety of towing, recovery, and other incident response personnel. This report consists of three parts, each reporting on the following separate but coordinated activities: (1) an on-road experiment to test the extent to which motorists passing a tow truck slowed down and moved over day and night in response to the deployment of flares or cones in combination with two different tow truck light systems; (2) an online survey of road service personnel on their attitudes, knowledge, and experience with and willingness to use countermeasures such as flares and cones; (3) a review of available and potential countermeasures that could be deployed on a tow truck technician, on the truck itself, on the site nearby, or in the motorist vehicle for protection when operating along the roadside.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2023 12:22:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2094661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On impact of cryogenic temperature rolled 6082 Al alloy by dome- and conical-nosed projectiles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The simultaneous improvement in strength and toughness through cryogenic temperature rolling observed in recent studies is of profound interest for designers in defence, automobile and aerospace domains. The present work discusses the effects of different projectile nose shapes – dome and conical – on the ballistic impact behaviour of the 1 mm thick AA 6082 alloy targets, rolled to different cryogenic strains, using the experimental data for impact velocities ranging from 50 to 250 m/s reported in earlier work. The cryogenic rolling strains were imparted by providing different thickness reductions, namely, 50%, 66.66%, 75% and 80%. The target performance was also analysed using velocity drop approach. The projectile nose shape influenced the ballistic limit strongly for 50% and 75% thickness reductions. Conical-nosed projectiles were found to be better penetrators than the dome-nosed projectiles within the overall tested velocity range of 50–250 m/s. The observations confirmed the dominance of the samples with 66.66% thickness reduction impacted with both dome and conical-nosed projectiles in the average and maximum velocity drops after the ballistic limits, indicating superior performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2022 10:03:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077843</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the transient temperature distribution of new conical friction plate under sliding friction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2053663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conical friction surface is a novel configuration for friction plate in transmission. Numerical FEA models for transient heat transfer and distribution of conically grooved friction plate have been established to investigate the thermal behavior of the conical surface with different configurations. The finite element method is used to obtain the numerical solution, the temperature test data of conical surface are obtained by the friction test rig. In order to study and compare the temperature behavior of conically grooved friction plate, several three-dimensional transient temperature models are established. The heat generated on the friction interface during the continuous sliding process is calculated. Two different pressure conditions were defined to evaluate the influence of different load conditions on temperature rise and the effects of conical configuration parameters on surface temperature distribution are investigated. The results show that the radial temperature gradient on conical friction surface is obvious. The uniform pressure condition could be used when evaluating the temperature rise of conically grooved friction plate. The increase of the cone height could improve the radial temperature gradient of the conically grooved friction plate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:21:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2053663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-time traffic cone detection for autonomous driving based on YOLOv4</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A temporary road composed of traffic cones is an indispensable practical scene for the realization of automatic driving technology. However, the detection of traffic cones is a challenging issue because of their small volume and unfixed position. This work proposes a novel method that fuses colour and depth image information for traffic cone detection. Traffic cones are captured by a special machine vision system consisting of two monochrome cameras for cone distance perception and two colour cameras for cone colour acquisition. Via the YOLOv4 algorithm based on the Darknet platform and a detection result matching algorithm, the position of the traffic cone can be obtained and path planning can be performed. The results of experiments show that the proposed method can recognize red, blue, and yellow traffic cones in colour images with an average detection time of 35.46 ms and respective accuracies of 97.51%, 98.63%, and 97.29%. Compared with the previous traffic cone detection research, the proposed algorithm was found to exhibit advantages in small target sensitivity and overall detection accuracy in both static and dynamic experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 10:23:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031700</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of cutout and impact loading condition on crashworthiness characteristics of conical frusta</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1996901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on the axial and oblique low-velocity impact response of thin-walled aluminium conical frusta with circular cutouts at two different locations through experimental and finite element procedures. In this regard, a circular cutout was laterally introduced on 15°, 25°, and 35° semi-apical angled conical frusta at mid-height (0.5 Hc) and three-fourth (0.75 Hc) of axis height. The low-velocity axial and oblique impact loading was performed with the perfect and imperfect (i.e. hole) conical frusta by varying the impact angle from 0° to 20° to the frustum axis and impact velocity from 4?m/s to 8?m/s. The changes in energy absorption (Eabs) and specific energy absorption (SEA) characteristics of perfect and imperfect conical frusta were analysed with the change of semi-apical angle of the frusta, location of the cutout, impact angle and direction of impact. The results show that the crush performance of 35° semi-apical angled perfect conical frustum is found to be better than 15° and 25° semi-apical angled specimens. Further, the SEA capacity of 25° semi-apical angled conical frusta having cutout at 0.75 Hc is found to be better than the SEA capacity of conical frusta having cutout at 0.5 Hc.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2022 13:19:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1996901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASAYAR: A Dataset for Arabic-Latin Scene Text Localization in Highway Traffic Panels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The extraction of text information from traffic panels is one of the challenging problems in computer vision. Although the past decade has seen a promising shift and important progress in object detection, few works and a limited number of datasets focus specifically on extracting text from traffic signs. To address the lack of data for text detection in traffic panels, especially those with Arabic scripts, this paper introduces a new multilingual and multipurpose dataset named ASAYAR. It consists of three sub-datasets: Arabic-Latin scene text localization, traffic sign detection, and directional symbol detection. The dataset contains 1763 images collected on different Moroccan highways, and annotated manually, using 16 object categories. The fully annotated ASAYAR images contains more than 20000 bounding box objects. The paper also investigates the usability of the dataset, by evaluating the performance of the state-of-the-art algorithms for object and text detection. Experimental results show good detection scores, demonstrating the potential contribution of ASAYAR in the development of methods for text extraction from traffic panels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 May 2022 09:32:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relationship between the Shear Strength and the Depth of Cone Penetration in Fall Cone Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The determination of liquid limit is of great significance in the engineering classification of soil and the selection of the control standard of highway subgrade packing and compactness. Based on the research achievements of many scholars on the relationship between the shear strength and the depth of cone penetration in fall cone tests in the liquid limit tests, the process of penetration was analyzed according to the Law of Conservation of Energy, and the expression of <italic>K</italic> was derived. Then, the expression was verified by the experimental data of different scholars and the existing data of various countries and institutions. And, the results were also compared with those obtained by the previous scholars using limit equilibrium theory. The results indicate that the new expression is in good agreement with the experimental results. K can be predicted well. And so, the shear strength can be calculated based on the depth of cone penetration, and then, the experimental value of the shear strength can be compared with the calculated value through laboratory tests. The influence of cone weight and cone angle on the shear strength calculation was analyzed. In addition, the liquid limit index of different standards was discussed based on the expression of K, and suggestions on how to achieve relative combination of different codes and standards were raised, which was very helpful for international communication.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2020 13:35:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ice Load Signatures for Ridge Actions on Wind Turbines With Conical Collars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wind turbine structures are usually tall and slender. This makes them very susceptible to vibrations. To reduce vibrations in ice, conical shapes at the ice line which fail the ice in bending are often preferred. Conical shapes can be sloped either up or down. Ice loads from level ice can be shown theoretically to be lower for downward breaking. For design, the structural engineer requires ice load signatures (load vs time) to feed into dynamic structural analyses (in which the cyclic wind loads are also included). A method for synthesizing load signatures for sloping structures when subject to level ice is described in ISO 19906 and applied in this work to produce stochastic load-time series In recent years, there has been a move to extend wind turbines into deeper water and pack ice regions. A current project is to place turbines in Lake Erie beyond the landfast ice. In pack ice, ridges will usually dominate the ice loads. No guidance is provided in ISO 19906 either for the quasi-static ridge loads for downward breaking or for load signatures from ice ridges. In this work, ice load signatures are developed for the example structure first for level ice and the method further advanced to create ice load signatures for ridges. Example ice loads and ice load signatures for a downward breaking cone for level ice and ridges for a Lake Erie location are developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2020 09:12:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718383</guid>
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