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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Durability performance of recycled aggregate porous concrete for pavement base applications under acid and sulphate exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The long-term durability of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)-based Porous Concrete (PC) remains a key limitation for its use in sustainable pavements, particularly under acid and sulphate exposure, and is insufficiently addressed in the existing literature. To address this gap, this study aims to optimise RCA-based PC through a systematic multi-parameter mix design considering RCA–Virgin Aggregate (VA) blending, fibre reinforcement (PET and steel), silica fume, and fine aggregate inclusion. Twenty-eight mixes were evaluated for density, void content, compressive strength, permeability, and durability under exposure to sulphuric acid (3% and 5% H2SO4) and magnesium sulphate (3% and 5% MgSO4). Results show that PC produced solely with RCA exhibits higher porosity, lower strength, and greater mass loss, due to a weak aggregate packing and a highly connected pore structure. The novelty of this study lies in the combined use of RCA–VA blending and supplementary fine materials to refine pore connectivity and enhance matrix densification. The optimised mix (M28) achieved a density of 1790 kg/m³ , a void content of 17%, a compressive strength of 7.45 MPa, a permeability of 0.574 cm/s, and a mass loss of less than 5%, demonstrating its suitability for pavement base and sub-base applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 09:21:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703569</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhancing durability of recycled concrete and brick aggregates with silica fume treatment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing volume of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) caused by various construction activities poses significant environmental challenges, if not managed properly. With this in consideration, the feasibility of using Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) and Recycled Brick Aggregates (RBA) in road construction has been evaluated in the present study. Two different sizes of RCA and RBA were mixed in various proportions and tested for the durability and mechanical properties. Samples were further treated with Silica Fume Slurry (SFS) at different concentrations. Durability of the samples was assessed through slake durability tests, which reveals significant improvements after SFS treatment. SEM-EDS and MIP analyses confirmed enhanced microstructural properties of the treated samples. Laboratory tests such as the water absorption value, crushing strength, impact resistance, and abrasion value, confirmed the suitability of these treated aggregates for use in road base and subbase layers. Cost-effectiveness of the SFS treatment method is also highlighted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Plastic paver blocks: A comparative analysis using reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Paver blocks offer a sustainable solution to utilize plastic and construction waste while reducing landfill use and conserving natural aggregates. This study presents a comparative evaluation of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as coarse aggregates in LDPE-bonded paver blocks targeting for non-traffic applications. Five replacement ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were used. The properties were assessed through mechanical testing (compressive strength, density, and water absorption), non-destructive evaluation (ultrasonic pulse velocity (UsPV) and rebound hammer (RH)), and microstructural characterization (optical microscopy and SEM). The results showed that LDPE–RCA composites consistently exhibited higher UsPV values (2500–3500 m/s) than LDPE–RAP composites (2400–3000 m/s). Furthermore, RH values indicate that LDPE–RCA composites at 75% replacement, whereas LDPE–RAP composites at 25% RAP demonstrated relatively stable values. The compressive strength was significantly influenced by the replacement ratio. Among all mixes, LDPE–RCA achieved a maximum value of 32.43 MPa at 75% RCA. In contrast, LDPE–RAP composite exhibited a statistically significant reduction in strength as the RAP content increases, with no distinct strength peak observed across the replacement ratios. The density decreased with increasing replacement levels ranging between 1550–1800 kg/m³ . However, water absorption remained low (0.2–1.0%), satisfying the limits specified in IS 15658. The microstructural observations revealed relatively dense interfacial regions in LDPE–RCA composites, whereas LDPE–RAP composites exhibited interfacial discontinuities. These results demonstrate the suitability of LDPE–RCA mixes over LDPE–RAP composite in plastic paver blocks for non-traffic applications, supporting circular economy-driven sustainable construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:35:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pavement Quality Concrete with Treated Recycled Concrete Aggregate: Combined Experimental and Predictive Analysis via Machine Learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scarcity of natural stone resources for the construction industry has led to increased costs and shortages of coarse aggregates. The use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) has caught the attention of many researchers for promoting sustainability in construction. Its use in pavement-quality concrete (PQC) has been minimal because of its higher water absorption value. However, with a proper beneficiation method the deficient properties of RCA can be improved. In this study, a new and novel treatment method involving mechanical mixing and soaking in an aqueous solution of sodium silicate and cement was developed. Up to 100% treated RCA (TRCA) was used, replacing natural coarse aggregates (NCAs) for M40- and M50-grade PQC mixes. The results showed that the compressive strength of PQC mixes of M40 and M50 grades increased by 6.3% and 4%, respectively, using 100% TRCA (at 90 days of curing). An increase in flexural strength also was observed, by 33.3% and 30% for M40- and M50-grade PQC mixes, respectively, at 90 days of curing. A typical example of a concrete pavement was considered for thickness design purpose as per the latest relevant guideline of the Indian Roads Congress, and it was observed that the design thickness of the slab decreased for the concrete pavement made with PQC with 100% NCA replacement by the developed TRCA. This ultimately reduces the overall cost of construction of concrete pavement by 24%–28%. This research is significant for sustainable construction, because it offers a viable solution to the scarcity of natural resources and the rising costs in the construction industry. Additionally, a machine learning (ML) model for compressive strength prediction was developed to validate the experimental results obtained in this study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:34:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental and economic assessment of whitetoppings made with sustainable concrete mixtures having ground granulated blast furnace slag, recycled concrete aggregates and hybrid fibres</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Whitetoppings  offer a sustainable repair solution for damaged bituminous pavements, though with higher cost and environmental concerns due to high cement and aggregates usage. This study explores alternative concretes for whitetoppings by partially replacing cement and natural coarse aggregates with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), respectively. Hybrid fibre combinations of macro-steel with micro-polypropylene and macro-steel with micro-glass were incorporated to enhance post-cracking performnce and reduce whitetopping thickness. Environmental and economic assessments of ultra-thin whiteteoppings (UTW) designed with proposed alternative concretes showed 27–35% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, 30–42% lower cumulative energy demand and 45–50% lower ReCiPe 2016 single score compared to conventional design solution. Sensitivity analysis assessed uncertainty in impact assessment due to variations in input parameters. Despite higher material and transportation costs of fibres, overall UTW cost was similar to or lower than that of conventional concrete. The results were utilised to form an integrated framework for ranking the design sections by MCDM approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 09:23:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilization of Ferrochrome and Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Sustainable Pavement Base Layers—A Laboratory Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paramount importance of incorporating alternative aggregates cannot be overstated, as it plays a pivotal role in resource conservation, sustainability promotion, and efficient waste management. This study focuses on the utilization of ferrochrome aggregate (FCA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) within cement-treated base layers, aiming to entirely substitute natural coarse aggregate (NCA). The research meticulously fabricated cement-treated recycled and ferrochrome aggregate (CTRFA) samples with cement contents of 3, 5, and 7%. These specimens incorporated varying blends of RCA and FCA, ranging from 0 to 100%. In this investigation, strength properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), flexural strength, elastic modulus, and indirect tensile strength (ITS) were performed alongside durability. The experimental results indicated that the cement content exerted a more pronounced influence on both strength and durability. The CTRFA mixes containing 50% RCA, 50% FCA, and 5% cement meet IRC 37 2018 strength and durability standards and can be used as a base layer for flexible pavement instead of conventional cement-treated base (CTB).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:16:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Large-Scale Carbonation of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA): Aggregate Properties and Implications to Transportation Geotechnics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, but recycling it into recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) often results in high porosity, elevated water absorption, and reduced durability. Carbonation treatment offers a dual benefit: improving RCA performance while capturing CO2. This study investigated the effect of carbonation duration on RCA under large-scale conditions using a 500-gal. chamber, with treatment times ranging from 2 to 72 h. Results showed that most improvements in freeze-thaw resistance occurred within the first 24 h, with only marginal gains thereafter. Normalized CO2 consumption was quantified and applied to national-scale estimates of sequestration potential. At a 50% substitution rate of natural aggregate with CO2-treated RCA in US road construction, up to 467,000 t of CO2 could be sequestered annually, alongside cost savings of approximately $267 million. These findings demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of large-scale RCA carbonation as a strategy to enhance material performance while contributing to carbon reduction in infrastructure development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 16:27:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678216</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of carbonation and silicification treatments on the performance of recycled concrete aggregates and asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt pavements offer significant potential for the large-scale reuse of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA). However, the porous adhered mortar of RCA introduces some defects in the aggregate-asphalt interfacial transition zones (ITZ), which weaken the performance of asphalt mixture. Considering the limitations of individual treatments in enhancing the comprehensive properties of RCA, a gas treatment (CO₂ carbonation), a liquid treatment (tetraethyl orthosilicate silicification), and the gas-liquid combined treatment were conducted and compared in this study. Systematic evaluations were further carried out on the influence of above treatments on RCA, asphalt mixtures incorporating RCA, and their ITZ. Results demonstrate that the carbonation–silicification treatment leads to a 75% reduction in the water absorption, a 30.02% decrease in the crushing value, a 43.97% decrease in the Los Angeles abrasion value, a 10.32% reduction in the alkali content, and a 67.31% improvement in soundness. These changes imply aggregate strength that approaches that of natural aggregates, reduced porosity, and decreased adhesion to asphalt. Consequently, the asphalt mixtures incorporating RCA exhibit a 10.87% reduction in asphalt-aggregate ratio, a 38.18% decrease in dynamic stability, a 46.77% increase in low-temperature failure strain, and a slight decrease in moisture-damage resistance, representing a normalization of their performance toward that of asphalt mixtures with natural aggregates. At the microscopic level, the average peak of the pore size distribution curve of RCA decreases by 82.2%, the critical pore diameter decreases by 48.96%, and the silicon calcium ratio of the ITZ declines by 12.71%. The combined treatment densifies the internal pores and seals the surface pores of RCA, improves the smoothness of the interface between the adhered mortar and the asphalt mastic, and increases the proportion of strength-related compounds of ITZ. These findings validate the effectiveness of the gas-liquid combined treatment in enhancing the properties of RCA for asphalt pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 09:42:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687285</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Roadway runoff purification by pervious concrete incorporating recycled brick–concrete aggregates: Performance and mechanisms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway runoff is a major source of urban non-point pollution, transporting suspended solids, nutrients, organic matter and heavy metals that threaten receiving waters. Recycled aggregate pervious concrete (RAPC) offers a multifunctional pavement solution by coupling runoff purification with construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycling. However, a quantitative and mechanism-based understanding of how recycled aggregates and pore-scale structure jointly govern long-term purification remains limited. In this study, the pollutant removal performance and mechanisms of RAPC were systematically investigated using (i) batch adsorption and kinetic tests on recycled aggregates and (ii) long-term dynamic rainfall simulations on pervious concrete, representing pavement service-like hydraulic loading. The purification behaviors of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), Zn2+ and Pb2+ were evaluated for mixtures with different recycled-aggregate contents and surface modification strategies. Results show that incorporating recycled aggregates significantly enhances the long-term pollutant retention capacity relative to natural-aggregate pervious concrete, with pronounced removal of 10–100 μm TSS and improved removal of nutrients, organics and heavy metals. Adsorption kinetics of recycled aggregates are well described by a pseudo-second-order model, whereas dynamic breakthrough under rainfall loading is well captured by the BDST model. CT/Avizo-based microstructural analyses indicate that increased pore specific surface area and ion-enriched cementitious interfaces jointly control adsorption and retention. Moreover, pore specific surface area exhibits a strong linear correlation with pollutant uptake capacity. Overall, this work provides a quantitative structure–performance framework for designing RAPC pavements with improved roadway-runoff purification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Preliminary Framework for Mechanistic Analysis and Design of Pavement Subbase Prepared with Recycled Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of recycled materials such as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and tire-derived aggregates (TDA) in the subbase layers of pavements is gaining attention. Though multiple studies have utilized experimental methods to study the behavior of pavement mixtures with recycled materials, limited studies are available regarding the mechanistic analysis of such pavement systems. Thus, the major objective of this study was to develop a framework for numerical simulation and analysis of pavements comprising RCA, TDA, and a combination of RCA and TDA in the subbase layers using the finite element analysis method (FEM). The results indicated that the pavement deflection was reduced by a range of 4.7 to 16.7% with a blend of 1–2% TDA along with 98–99% RCA, compared to the conventional granular subbase. However, the vertical strains increased by 15 to 39%, which increased the risk of rutting. It is envisioned that this study will promote the use of recycled materials in pavement subbase applications, thus paving the way to create sustainable roadway infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 16:05:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrated Lime Treatment of Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Use in Hot Mix Asphalt Production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reuse of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is an environmentally friendly and economically affordable procedure. However, the quality of RCA is generally lower than the virgin aggregate due to adhered mortar; hence, treatment methods have been utilized to improve RCA characteristics. Among different treatment methods, soaking in hydrated lime slurry is a practical approach regarding its multiple merits. Nevertheless, the optimum concentration of the hydrated lime slurry can impact the properties of RCA and HMA and therefore needs to be determined. Moreover, fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures containing RCA has not been studied. In this paper, the effects of 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% slurry concentrations on physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of RCA were assessed to determine the optimum concentration. The Marshall HMA mix design method was then employed to determine the optimum binder content, mixture volumetrics, and Marshall parameters of asphalt mixtures containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% coarse treated and untreated RCA. In addition, the resistance of the HMA mixtures to fracture at intermediate and low temperatures as well as rutting was examined using edge notched disc bend (ENDB) and Marshall rutting test (Marshall-RT) tests, respectively. The long-term durability of the mixtures was further assessed against freeze–thaw cycles. The results show that slurry concentration substantially affects the properties of RCA treated by hydrated lime slurry. The optimum slurry concentration in this study was found to be 6%. Furthermore, it was concluded that this treatment method reduces the optimum binder content and enhances volumetrics, Marshall parameters, intermediate- and low-temperature fracture tolerance, rutting resistance, and long-term durability of the asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparative assessment of the bearing capacity of unselected construction and demolition waste aggregates in unbound and cement-stabilised pavement subbases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using unselected construction and demolition waste (UCDW) aggregate helps the road construction industry to meet sustainability requirements. Although the use of recycled UCDW aggregates is increasingly recognised and adopted in practice, there remains limited field evidence directly comparing their performance with that of natural (NAT) aggregates in unbound and cement-stabilised subbases. This study compared the bearing capacity of four 30-cm subbases (unbound and 3% cement-stabilised NAT and UCDW) using lightweight deflectometer and plate loading tests on an experimental road. The study was complemented by laboratory resilient modulus and indirect tensile strength measurements on specimens compacted during the construction activities.On average, the surface modulus of unbound UCDW materials was 16% higher than that of natural aggregates. Stabilisation with 3% cement significantly increased the bearing capacity sevenfold for UCDW materials and tenfold for NAT materials. After three days of curing, the average surface modulus increased from 112.3–126.6 MPa for unbound UCDW and 95.2–111.6 MPa for unbound NAT, to 884.7–1024.6 MPa for cement-stabilised UCDW and 1064.3–1198.1 MPa for cement-stabilised NAT. Unlike the field tests, where cement-stabilised NAT performed slightly better than cement-stabilised UCDW, the laboratory tests showed that cement-stabilised UCDW mixtures had a higher resilient modulus than cement-stabilised natural ones. These results demonstrate that UCDW aggregates can effectively replace natural ones in the formation of unbound or cement–stabilised road subbase layers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:10:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Utilizing Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Stone Column</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688723</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stone columns improve bearing capacity and reduce settlement. This study evaluates recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as stone-column backfill using large-scale physical modeling and a 3D finite-element (FE) model. A combined experimental validation and 3D calibrated parametric design assessment of RCA-filled stone columns, including group and cap effects under plate loading, was made. Three plate-loading tests were performed in a 1.0 m-diameter tank on loose, dry sand: untreated soil, a single natural aggregate (NA) column, and a single RCA column (D = 80 mm, L/D = 6). Experimentally, RCA increased bearing stress by ~ 50% at 25 mm settlement (vs. ~23% for NA), demonstrating that RCA can match or outperform NA under identical installation and loading conditions. The 3D FE model reproduced the measured response with < 3% deviation at the reference settlement. Numerically, the study identified an optimal column length of ~ 4–6D, quantified spacing-dependent group efficiency losses at practical spacings (≤ 2D) due to stress overlap, and showed that cap layers can enhance NA performance but may not benefit RCA columns under the tested footprint. These findings provide design-relevant guidance for adopting RCA in stone columns while accounting for geometry, group interaction, and capping effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:09:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688723</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fly ash and natural rubber latex modified recycled aggregate concrete as sustainable rigid pavement surface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An integration of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Fly Ash (FA) into concrete represents a practical solution for sustainable construction by minimizing the use of natural resources and lowering carbon emissions. This research investigated the effects of incorporating Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) into FA-RCA concrete mixtures on both mechanical properties and environmental performance as a greener pavement concrete. Experimental evaluations included compressive strength (fc), flexural strength (ff), flexural fatigue behavior, and microstructural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In addition, total CO₂-equivalent emissions were calculated based on the emission factors of each mix constituent. Results showed that moderate NRL content (r/b = 0.5–1.0 %) improved ff and fatigue life, particularly at FA replacement levels of 15–25 %, while higher r/b ratios led to diminished strength due to hydration retardation. SEM and EDX analyses revealed enhanced microstructural densification at optimal NRL dosages, while excessive latex introduced film barriers, limiting hydration. Furthermore, replacing cement with 25 %FA and 0.5 %r/b resulted in the lowest emissions (304.63 kg CO₂-e/m³) and the greatest fatigue life at 56 days (2863 cycles), whereas 20 %FA provided the most cost-efficient option (53.48 USD/m³); all mixes satisfied the Thai pavement strength requirements. The findings confirm that careful optimization of NRL and FA content in RCA-based concrete can simultaneously improve structural performance and reduce carbon footprint, supporting the development of low-carbon pavement surface materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sulfate Freeze–Thaw Damage Evolution and Life Prediction of Recycled Concrete Based on Entropy Weight Method and Grey Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement rate, freeze–thaw environment, and cycle number on the durability of recycled coarse aggregate self-compacting concrete (RCASCC) were experimentally investigated. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength loss, and ultrasonic wave velocity loss were analyzed. Results show that within 0–50 freeze–thaw cycles, strength loss of R0, R50, and R100 exhibited no significant differences across four environments, whereas clear stratification appeared during 50–125 cycles. As cycles increased, the splitting tensile strength loss curve gradually flattened, while ultrasonic wave velocity loss reached a minimum between 50 and 75 cycles. Among all environments, 5 wt% MgSO4 solution caused the most severe deterioration. Based on entropy weight theory, a durability evaluation index was established, showing a decreasing trend with increasing cycles and a stratified distribution among groups. The GM(1, 1), Verhulst, and parabolic regression models demonstrated high prediction accuracy, while GM(1, N) performed poorly. Using Inner Mongolia as a case study, service life under combined freeze–thaw and sulfate attack was predicted, with the Verhulst model providing more conservative estimates. Furthermore, a BP neural network optimized by GM(1, 1) and Verhulst models was developed. Compared with GM(1, 1), the Verhulst-optimized BP model showed superior prediction accuracy and generalization ability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2026 16:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691016</guid>
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