<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental characterization of the 3D linear viscoelastic behavior of cold recycled bitumen emulsion mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cold mixtures with bitumen emulsion are produced at ambient temperature, leading to substantial reductions of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions. In cold recycling applications, cement is normally used to improve the mixture performance. Thus, the rheological behavior of cold recycled mixtures is different from that of conventional hot mixtures because it is due to the interaction of fresh bitumen, aged bitumen and cementitious bonds. In this study, the authors investigated the three-dimensional (3D) linear viscoelastic (LVE) behavior of a cement-bitumen treated material (CBTM) mixture fabricated using bitumen emulsion and cement. For comparison, the authors also investigated the 3D LVE behavior of hot-mix asphalt containing 25% of reclaimed asphalt and fabricated using polymer-modified binder. Sinusoidal axial tests on cylindrical specimens, were carried out at various temperatures (from 0 °C to 50 °C) and frequencies (from 0.1 to 12 Hz). The complex Young’s modulus E∗ and the complex Poisson’s ratio ν∗ were determined through the measurement of axial and transverse strain. The authors show that when considering E∗, CBTM mixtures may be considered thermo-rheologically simple and the Huet-Sayegh model can be used to simulate the frequency-temperature dependence. On the other hand, when considering ν∗ the behavior of CBTM mixtures are very different from that of hot mix asphalt. In particular, its absolute value is almost constant and very close to 0.15.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2019 09:20:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632042</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation on Thermal, Chemical, and Rheological Properties of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Binder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, the effect of Ultraviolet (UV) rays on samples of asphalt binder mixed with crumb rubber is studied. One neat binder and two sets of rubber-modified samples with 16.6 and 20%wt. are prepared and then inserted inside a QUV Accelerated Weathering Tester for 100 hours. The samples are then collected and changes in their thermal conductivity, chemical indices and rheology are studied using Nanoflash, differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic shear rheometer, respectively. Results show that addition of rubber leads to a reduction of specific heat for the two rubberized binders. Specific heat capacities of the three UV aged samples are larger than those of their unaged counterparts, and the 16.6%-aged has the highest value. FTIR spectra of the three unaged samples are very similar, whereas distinct changes occur after UV aging. The normalized absorbance of peak associated with S=O group increases and the peak for the aliphatic group decreases after UV aging, showing some evidences of oxidation due to UV aging. Using crumb rubber in the binder decreases the thermal conductivity and 20%wt. sample is even less conductive compared to the 16.6%wt. At all temperatures above 25°C, aged samples have lower thermal conductivity than the unaged ones, except neat binder which was opposite. Rheological measurements show that complex modulus of the samples increases with addition of rubber particles and also aging. However, 16% rubber-modified sample showed the least increase of modulus after aging, and also the best performance in rutting and fatigue factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Mar 2019 15:41:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Rejuvenating Agents to Improve Aged Asphalt Rheological and Physical Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in neat asphalt mixture has gained interest due to it's significant economic and environmental benefits. However, recycled asphalt is highly aged and when blended with neat asphalt at high percentages, it can negatively impact the overall blend’s performance. Rejuvenators have been used to improve certain properties of aged asphalt and consequently the performance of the overall blend. This paper investigates the merits of introducing different types of rejuvenators to a laboratory aged asphalt while examining the overall blend’s rheological and surface properties. Accordingly, the dynamic shear rheometer was used to determine the rheological properties of several blends containing aged asphalt and rejuvenators. The surface properties were evaluated using the contact angles of each blend subjected to water conditioning; the latter was specifically used to investigate the moisture susceptibility of each blend. Study results showed that all rejuvenators were able to reduce complex modulus of aged asphalt binder. In addition, all but one studied rejuvenator was found to be effective in reducing moisture susceptibility of the aged asphalt binder as evidenced by the reduction in the extent of change between dry and wet contact angles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Mar 2019 15:41:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572290</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measured versus Interconverted Viscoelastic Material Functions of Asphalt Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Viscoelastic material functions such as time-dependent relaxation modulus or creep compliance, and frequency-dependent complex modulus can be used to characterize the linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete in advanced modeling and pavement design. Among these, complex or dynamic modulus has been adopted in the new mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design method. In this study, a procedure is documented to interconvert one material function from another. In essence, cylindrical AC specimens were tested for complex modulus as a function of loading frequency and temperature and hence, the time-temperature superposition principle was used to generate a master curve. The complex modulus function is then converted to relaxation modulus and creep compliance by a numerical method. These converted material functions were then compared to the tested material functions. A good agreement was found between the measured and the converted material functions. The master curves were used to study aging in asphalt concrete sample. It is shown that various linear viscoelastic material functions of an aged asphalt concrete sample vary significantly from those of an unaged sample.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Dec 2018 21:39:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rheological properties of warm mix asphalt binders and warm mix asphalt binders containing polyphosphoric acid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the laboratory investigation of properties of warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders and WMA binders containing polyphosphoric acid (PPA).Two types of warm mix additives were used to produce the WMA binders. Superpave tests were carried out on original and short-term aged binders through the rotational viscometer, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). The results indicated that the WMA binders with different warm mix additives showed different viscosity values, however, the addition of PPA remarkably increased the viscosity values of these two kinds of WMA binders used, in the present study, to a similar level. The WMA additive type and the PPA had significant effects on the complex modulus (G*), phase angle (δ) and G*/sin δ regardless of the binders’ aging state (without aging or short-term aging). In addition, two WMA binders with different additive types showed significant differences on the creep stiffness and m-value, and the addition of PPA degraded the low temperature rheological properties of the WMA binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2018 17:06:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541109</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of binder type on Full Depth Reclamation material behaviour</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study aims to evaluate the potential use of both foamed asphalt and emulsified asphalt on Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) mixtures to have better performance with four different types of FDR mixtures. Different binder combinations of adding procedures were tested to find the optimum mix design procedure. The scope of work for this research consisted of determining the optimal mixing procedure according to moisture sensitivity tests, determining the complex modulus (E*) at different loading frequencies and testing temperatures. It was concluded that the better performance can be achieved with double coating practices. In particular, mixing procedure showed that first coating the coarse aggregate with foamed asphalt and second coating the fine aggregate with emulsified asphalt ensure the best results in terms of performance based tests. The complex modulus showed that with the use of both binders it was possible to produce a mixture with a higher modulus than mixtures characterized by a single coating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2018 17:06:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling of cohesion and adhesion damage of seal based on dynamic shear rheometer testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1528409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most current seal designs are based on the volumetric properties of materials and voids. In order to improve seal design, the possibility of introducing mechanistic principles into seal design was investigated. Introducing mechanistic concepts into seal design means that principles such as elasticity and viscoelasticity could be used in terms of stress-strain to explain phenomena such as damage in the seal structure. Two main failure parameters of seals – cohesion failure (fatigue cracking due to ageing of binder and loss of elasticity) and adhesion failure or stripping (occurring between stone to bitumen or bitumen to base) – are investigated using the complex modulus (G *) which is one of the viscoelastic parameters of bituminous materials. This paper therefore investigates the testing procedure of cohesion fatigue damage (CFD) and Adhesion Fatigue Damage (AFD) of bituminous seal material using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The CFD and AFD modelling are based on the stiffness reduction principle of materials under the action of cyclic stress. Based on the Lifetime Optimisation Tool (LOT) research programme from Delft University of Technology, a DSR testing procedure and approach was adopted for seals. The tests were performed on 70/100 penetration grade bitumen columns (for CFD) and on stone columns constituted with dolorite glued together with 70/100 penetration grade bitumen (for AFD). It was observed that the model for CFD depends more on stress, while the model for AFD appears to depend more on temperature. This observation agrees with the fact that adhesion damage is more sensitive to temperature change, whereas cohesion damage is more prone to be influenced by applied fatigue stress. The CFD and AFD models provide an indication of non-linear development of the accumulated fatigue damage of seal. This is represented by the modelling of the change of G *, as suggested in this investigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Aug 2018 18:00:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1528409</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Durability and the Performance of an Asphalt Mix involving Aramid Pulp Fiber (APF): Complex Modulus before and after Freeze-Thaw Cycles, Fatigue, and TSRST Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main deteriorations of asphalt pavements in cold regions are due to the effect of heavy traffics, water action, low-temperature fluctuations, freeze-thaw cycles and the combination of all these factors together. Fiber additives are mainly used as reinforcement materials in asphalt pavements to improve the tensile properties and increase the strength against low-temperature cracking and potholes. Aromatic polyamide fiber (aramid fiber) is used in advanced composite materials since it has a very high tensile strength, modulus, and high cohesiveness. Whether the addition of Aramid Pulp Fiber (APF) can effectively improve the fatigue life, thermal performance, and durability of asphalt mixture under repeated freeze-thaw cycles are also major problems needed to be investigated properly. In this regard, thermo-mechanical analyses (complex modulus, fatigue, and thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST)) have been conducted on the asphalt mix with a nominal maximum aggregate size of 20 mm, known as Grave Bitume (GB20) in Quebec, Canada. The improvement effect of APF incorporation is assessed to compare the stiffness variation before and after 300 rapid freeze-thaw cycles, fatigue behavior, and thermal strength. The results indicate the ability of APF to increase the durability of the GB 20 mix against freeze-thaw cycles. The TSRST and fatigue results also show that the APF additives can increase the performance of the GB 20 mix against low temperature cracking and heavy truckloads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jun 2018 14:03:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Complex Modulus and Fatigue Analysis of Asphalt Mix after Daily Rapid Freeze-Thaw Cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Québec roads are subjected to seasonal ambient temperature variations and daily rapid variations of temperature. These significant temperature variations in combination with the moisture inside the pores result in the development of premature deterioration in asphalt pavement. At present, the effect of regional freeze-thaw cycles on fatigue cracking has not been considered in the Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide method or other design methods in cold regions, whose results overestimate the pavement life. Hence, the main objective of this study was to conduct the thermomechanical tests on an asphalt mixture before and after rapid freeze-thaw cycles. Considering the differences regarding the 2S2P1D model parameters, it was found that the influence of freeze-thaw conditions on the stiffness behavior of the mix is higher when increasing the number of cycles from 150 to 300. Regarding fatigue test results, the reference mixture was more resistant to fatigue cracking than the conditioned mix after 300 freeze-thaw cycles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2018 12:00:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Artificial Neural Network–Based Model to Predict the Complex Modulus and Phase Angle of Asphalt Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1496449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new dynamic modulus predictive model based on the artificial neural network methodology is developed in this study for the locally available Superpave asphalt-aggregate mixtures. A total of 54 asphalt-aggregate mixtures were collected, compacted, cored, and sawed to cylindrical test-specimens in the laboratory to conduct dynamic modulus testing. A database containing 1,620 pairs of dynamic moduli and phase angles was then used to develop the predictive model. A neural architecture with 2 twelve-node hidden layers was found to be remarkably suitable for predicting these two properties of Superpave asphalt concrete. Statistical assessment showed that a reasonably accurate estimation of dynamic modulus with coupled phase angle can be achieved by using this predictive model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 13:25:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1496449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Effects of Carbon Nanotube on Aging Resistivity, Dispersion, Thermal Susceptibility, and Storage Stability of Asphalt Binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present research work was undertaken to evaluate important functional characteristics such as dispersion, temperature susceptibility, aging resistivity potential, and high temperature storage stability of Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) modified asphalt binders. CNT content was varied as 0%, 0.4%, 0.75%, 1.5% and 2.25% by the weight of Control binder (AC-10). Viscosity was measured over a wide range of temperature to understand dispersion characteristics of CNT into asphalt binder matrix. Further, A-VTS parameters were estimated to evaluate temperature susceptibility of CNT modified asphalt binder. Analyses of viscosity data showed that CNT content up to 1.5% by the weight of Control binder may be recommended without potential problem of entanglement/clustering. Significant improvement in temperature susceptibility of Control binder was observed with addition of CNT. Similarly, complex modulus value over the range of temperature and frequency was evaluated to investigate the effect of CNT on aging resistivity potential of asphalt binder. The results showed that addition of CNT provides significant improvement in aging resistivity potential of asphalt binder. Likewise, high temperature storage stability was evaluated using softening point and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) tests. Similar conclusive remark from softening point as well as MSCR test for stability of CNT under high temperature storage condition was expected. Though softening point test methods showed sufficiently stable characteristics under high temperature storage for CNT modified binders, MSCR data indicated opposite trend for the same. Therefore, softening point approach may not be sufficient enough to capture high temperature storage stability problem especially for CNT modified asphalt binder.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Feb 2018 12:01:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Degradation of Asphalt Mixtures with Glass Aggregates Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavements in cold regions undergo extreme weather conditions such as prolonged exposure to water and repeated freeze-thaw cycles (FT). The objective of this paper was to evaluate the moisture susceptibility and degradation due to FT of asphalt mixture with glass aggregates. This was done using a new method based on complex modulus measurements. Samples were tested in dry condition and then saturated with water prior to various conditioning such as hot water soaking and multiple FT. The 2S2P1D rheological model was used to simulate the materials behaviour and evaluate the evolution of linear viscoelastic properties. Results showed that the presence of water in the mixture voids increased the mixture stiffness at temperature below freezing point. Also, repeated FT damaged the samples, glass asphalt mixture was damaged faster than the reference mixture. However, both mixtures reached equivalent damage after 10 FT cycles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:24:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Multiple-Polymer Components on High-Temperature Performance Characteristics of Airfield-Modified Binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polymer modified asphalt binders have been commonly used to improve the resistance of the airfield pavements to distresses, especially wheel rutting. The objective of this study was to investigate the rheological and chemical properties of the modified binders containing anti-rutting agent (ARA), polyethylene (PE) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) before and after a short-term aging procedure. Rotational viscosity, penetration degree, softening point as well as performance grade, multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), frequency and amplitude sweep were performed to determine the effects of ARA and PE on rut depths at high temperatures. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted to determine the chemical properties of various polymerized binders. The test results showed that, as expected, the addition of PE and ARA polymer increased the rotational viscosity, softening point and rutting factor values and reduced the penetration degree. However, ARA can only increase complex modulus while PE had an influence on both the complex modulus and phase angle of the modified binders. In addition, the rising tendency of phase angle during frequency sweep test was totally different in terms of the binders with or without PE. Furthermore, the FTIR test results showed that the ARA has no significant effects on aging resistance, while the modified binders with PE have better resistance to aging.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Mar 2017 16:05:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438549</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Biomodified Montmorillonite Clay to Enhance Asphalt Oxidation Resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness of using a bio-modified nanoclay additive (bio-nanoclay) to reduce the oxidative aging of asphalt pavements. The study results through X-Ray Diffraction showed that modification of montmorillonite clay with bio-modifier increased the basal d-spacing of clay. The resulting bio-nanoclay with increased interlayer spacing was chosen for application in asphalt  binder. Rheological characterization of clay-modified asphalt binder was studied before and after oxidation aging. The effects of bio-nanoclay on asphalt complex modulus were observed to be prevailing in the intermediate- to high-temperature range. The aging resistance of asphalt binder showed improvement with the addition of nanoclay, and the improvement was more notable in the presence of bio-nanoclay than pure clay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Feb 2017 17:12:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Effect of Fine Taconite Filler and Hydrated Lime on Asphalt Mastic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In northern U.S. and in northern European countries low temperature cracking is one of the dominant distresses for asphalt pavements. A simple solution for solving this issue is the use of soft asphalt binders with high relaxation capabilities. However, the major drawback when using these types of materials is associated to potential severe permanent deformation which asphalt pavements may undergo when experiencing higher temperature during the warmer season. In this paper, the possibility of improving the global response of asphalt material through the use of taconite filler and hydrated lime was considered and investigated. For this purpose, a set of asphalt mortars was prepared by mixing two different asphalt binders with fine granite aggregate together with taconite filler or hydrated lime at three different concentrations, 5%, 10% and 20%, by volume. Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) creep tests and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) complex modulus tests were performed to evaluate the material performance both at low and high temperature. Huet model was fitted to the low temperature results for estimating the impact of filler content to the model parameters. It was found that an addition of taconite filler and hydrated lime up to 5% and 10%, respectively, results in satisfactory low temperature performances with a substantial improvement of high temperature behavior. Beyond this limit, a severe increase in material stiffness and loss of relaxation capabilities is experienced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2017 14:32:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438023</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>