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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Impact of Coal Combustion Product Incorporation in Asphalt Mixture Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to the American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) 129 million tons of Coal Combustion Product (CCP) are being produced but only 48% is currently being utilized in different applications. The remaining 52% goes to landfills. Moreover, only 0.13% of the CCP used is being used as mineral filler in asphalt cement. The need for better infrastructure together with the fact that very few researchers have reported on the benefits of CCP in asphalt binders and mixtures opens up new opportunities for beneficial CCP applications. The results of this study put significant confidence in CCP utilization in asphaltic mixtures (ASHphalt) in general and pavements in specific, as made evident by the results of the testing program. In this study, the CCP was introduced as part of the asphalt binder rather than the traditional approach of adding fillers as part of the aggregate. When fabricating samples, 10% of the optimum asphalt content is replaced with CCP of different physical and chemical properties. Mixing and compacting of ASHphalt samples showed no change in properties compared to control mix. The laboratory performance results validated the hypothesis that some CCPs can act as enhancers and extenders to the binder. Significant improvement was observed for mixture aging resistance, moisture damage resistance, fatigue life, and thermal cracking resistance. As compared to the control mix, the ASHphalt samples showed an increase in the tensile strength (dry and wet), an increase in the tensile strength ratio, up to 5.5 times increase in fatigue life, and an increase in low temperature fracture energy ranging from 22% to 120%. In summary, this study shows that replacing 10% of the asphalt binder by volume with some CCPs does not hinder workability, and can potentially improve aging resistance, moisture damage resistance, fatigue life, and thermal cracking resistance. This implies significant impact on CCP utilization in flexible pavements rather than sending it to landfills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 26 Mar 2017 17:39:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439327</guid>
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      <title>Leaching Behavior of Coal Combustion Products and the Environmental Implication in Road
Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1322152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project assessed the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ashes produced from trona injection plants (used for SO₂ emission control), and investigated the leaching of a group of concerned inorganic contaminants from these fly ashes. A protocol was developed to quantify the availability and stability of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) in raw bituminous fly ash under various field conditions. The effectiveness of EDTA-washing in remediating fly ash was also studied.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Sep 2014 13:14:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1322152</guid>
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      <title>Evaluation of the Environmental Performance of CCPS in Roadway Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1316216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report consists of two theses prepared at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The two theses are: (1) "Leaching of Trace Elements from Roadway Materials Stabilized with Fly Ash" by Jonathan O'Donnell (2009) MS Thesis; and (2) "Leaching from Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash: Behavior and Mechanisms" by Kanokwan Komonweeraket (2010) PhD Thesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 2014 12:51:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1316216</guid>
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      <title>Development and Testing of Synthetic Riprap Constructed from Coal Combustion Products (CCPs)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1301302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the 1930's, fly ash - a pozzolanic material - has been used as a partial replacement of portland cement in concrete to improve the material's strength and durability, while also limiting the amount of early heat generation. From an environmental perspective, replacing cement with fly ash reduces concrete's overall carbon footprint and diverts an industrial by-product from the solid waste stream. Unfortunately, only about 40% of fly ash is reclaimed for beneficial reuse, with the remaining 60% disposed of in landfills. In some instances, the reason for only a 40% use rate is the lack of a viable market, but in other instances, it is because the fly ash does not meet the required specification for use in concrete or as soil stabilization. For instance, current specifications limit the carbon content of fly ashes used as partial replacement of cement in concrete to less than 6%. However, Ameren Corporation's (Ameren) Sioux Power Plant and other plants containing cyclone-fired boilers produce ash with very high levels of unburned carbon, often in the 20 to 50% range. Furthermore, activated carbon injection for mercury control will usually increase the carbon content of fly ashes from conventional boilers, reducing potential sales of ashes from these plants as well. In general, higher carbon contents reduce the reactivity of the ash and the efficacy of air-entraining admixtures. There are several ranges of potential products depending on the specific applications, such as armoring shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, and pilings against scour and ice damage. Scour is particularly critical for bridge abutments and pilings, as it is the number one cause of bridge failures. The proposed project will include evaluation of coal combustion products (CCPs) from several Ameren power plants, product development, mix design development, and small-scale specimen construction and testing. This research project will serve as a proof-of-concept for synthetic riprap constructed from 90% CCPs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2014 01:01:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1301302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beneficial Reuse of Fly Ashes in Geotechnical Engineering with Psysicochemical and Electron Miscroscopic Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1258351</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the coal remains the world's most abundant and accessible fossil fuel, the production of energy from coal will inevitably generate waste materials, i.e., the coal combustion products (CCPs). From 2002 to 2009, about 40% of CCPs was reused, while only 2.8% of the CCPs were used in pavement. This study intends to study the high volume reuse of fly ash, a major component of CCPs, in geotechnical engineering. The physicochemical properties and the microscopic imaging techniques are proposed as the tools to advance the knowledge of fly ash and fly ash-soil mixture. The outcome will provide the guideline for the beneficial reuse of the fly ash. The theories of the fine-grained materials behavior will be advanced, so that the chemical forces are comparable to that of physical ones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Aug 2013 01:01:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1258351</guid>
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      <title>Leaching Behavior of Coal Combustion Products and the Environmental Implication in Road Construction: Phase III</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1232046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of coal fly ash in road base and sub-base applications can provide better properties and performance, and is superior to it being otherwise disposed and becoming a possible environmental liability. Understanding the metal leaching behavior for various fly ashes can help the construction industry and the energy industry in selecting the environmentally benign fly ash for road construction and for other beneficial use applications, and determining the long term environmental impact of fly ash during road construction. Coal fly ash contains many regulated cationic and oxyanionic elements such as antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium. Due to the implantation of several new air emission control regulations, future fly ash may contain elevated concentrations of volatile trace elements especially oxyanionic elements. Since oxyanionic elements have greater mobility in the environment, being less studied previously, and are generally more toxic than cationic elements, understanding the leaching behavior of oxyanionic elements from fly ash is significant in determining the potential environmental impact of fly ash during disposal or beneficial use, selecting the appropriate fly ash for road construction, and developing methods to control the leaching of oxyanionic elements. This research becomes more urgent due to the implementation of more stringent arsenic standards in drinking water that will become effective in January 2006. This research will focus on the leaching behavior of 6 major oxyanionic elements, antimony, arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium, for various fly ashes under different management scenarios, using both batch and column experiments. Mathematical models will be developed to quantify the leaching behavior of these elements. Speciation of these oxyanionic elements will be determined using the most advanced Perkin-Elmer HPLC-ICP-MS system available at Missouri S&amp;T.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 14:30:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1232046</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durable "Green" Concrete from Activated Pozzolan Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete is the most widely used man-made material, and the manufacture of portland cement - the active ingredient of concrete - accounts for 6 to 8 percent worldwide of all anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, a leading greenhouse gas involved in global warming. Globally, nearly 2.77 billion metric tons (t) (3.05 billion st) of portland and hydraulic cement was produced in 2007. The concrete construction sector has a responsibility to take immediate action to reduce its environmental impacts, including the generation reduction of CO2. This responsibility also brings the opportunity to develop innovative technologies, including use of materials from Coal Combustion Products (CCP’s). These newly developed activated fly ash based products leave virtually no carbon footprint. Updated cementitious binder technology eliminates approximately 0.9 t (1 st) of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere per ton of portland cement produced. These cements have been engineered for use in fast track concrete repairs and construction, conventional paving, walls and concrete block masonry, new construction and repair projects. Activated pozzolanic material cements and resulting products are comprised of up to 95 percent green sustainable industrial waste stream materials, primarily fly ash. They are manufactured via a low energy, powder blending process. Key to green cement development was creating a material matrix that has a very dense crystal structure. This green cement technology possesses excellent performance and durability characteristics, including high early strengths and 28-day strengths over 70 MPa (10,000 psi). Moreover, they can be placed effectively with ambient temperatures ranging from -1°C to 49°C (30°F to 120°F).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:16:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beneficiation and Utilization of Coal Combustion Fly Ash: A Major Success in Reducing Solid Waste and Increasing Supplies of Construction Materials While Reducing Green House Gas Emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/919731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will discuss how utilizing fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete enables production of concrete of equivalent or higher strength and durability while using lower quantities of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). With the inherent generation of carbon dioxide from the calcining of calcium carbonate and fossil fuel consumption associated with mining and pyroprocessing, approximately 1 ton of CO2 is emitted per ton of OPC produced. Using fly ash as an OPC replacement results in avoidance of CO2 emissions on a nearly ton for ton basis. Over 70 million tons of fly ash are generated by coal-fired power plants annually in the USA, most of which is disposed of in land fills. Only approximately 12 million tons of fly ash is used to replace OPC in the production of concrete annually. Fly ash used in concrete production is limited to material meeting chemical and physical specifications to assure strength and durability properties of the concrete. Separation Technologies LLC (ST) has developed and implemented innovative, patented processes to reduce unburned carbon and detrimental ammonia levels in coal fly ash for use in concrete production. Separation Technologies’ processes for beneficiation of coal fly ash produce a highly useful cement substitute from a solid waste while creating no further emissions or wastes by selective removal of unburned carbon and ammonia from the material. Simultaneously, a carbon rich stream of material is collected, recovering an otherwise wasted fuel, reducing coal use and largely eliminating solid waste disposal at the power plant. ST has commercial operations at eight large coal-fired electric power plants in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. ST has produced 5 million tons of concrete grade material from otherwise poor quality fly ash. Expansion of the available supply of high quality fly ash through ST’s beneficiation processes enables more concrete producers to expand and optimize concrete mix designs, further reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions. The presentation will include a comparison of GHG emission reductions using various alternative cementitious materials and mix designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jun 2010 14:55:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/919731</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leaching Behavior of Coal Combustion Products and the Environmental Implication in Road Construction: Project Progress Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of coal fly ash in road base and sub-base applications can provide better properties and performance, and is superior to it being otherwise disposed and becoming a possible environmental liability. Understanding the metal leaching behavior for various fly ashes can help the construction industry and the energy industry in selecting the environmentally benign fly ash for road construction and for other beneficial use applications, and determining the long term environmental impact of fly ash during road construction. Coal fly ash contains many regulated cationic and oxyanionic elements such as antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium. Due to the implantation of several new air emission control regulations, future fly ash may contain elevated concentrations of volatile trace elements especially oxyanionic elements. Since oxyanionic elements have greater mobility in the environment, being less studied previously, and are generally more toxic than cationic elements, understanding the leaching behavior of oxyanionic elements from fly ash is significant in determining the potential environmental impact of fly ash during disposal or beneficial use, selecting the appropriate fly ash for road construction, and developing methods to control the leaching of oxyanionic elements. This research becomes more urgent due to the implementation of more stringent arsenic standards in drinking water that will become effective in January 2006. This research will focus on the leaching behavior of 6 major oxyanionic elements, antimony, arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium, for various fly ashes under different management scenarios, using both batch and column experiments. Mathematical models will be developed to quantify the leaching behavior of these elements. Speciation of these oxyanion elements will be determined using the most advanced Perkin-Elmer HPLC-ICP-MS system available at Missouri University of Science and Technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2009 15:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Full-Scale Accelerated Testing of Flexible Pavements Made of Coal Combustion Products</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/776736</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increasing environmental concerns and diminishing landfill space coupled with the rising costs of natural resources consumed in road construction have encouraged researchers to investigate the use of recycled materials in pavement design. This investigation evaluated the performance of full-scale asphalt pavements made with recycled coal combustion products (CCPs) during accelerated pavement testing. Three instrumented pavement sections—two CCP sections and one conventional section—were constructed and tested at the Ohio accelerated pavement loading facility (APLF). All three pavement sections were subjected to the equivalent of 20 years of traffic on a typical state route in Ohio. To minimize the environmental effects, both ambient temperature and moisture were controlled throughout the loading period. Pavement response and performance and environmental conditions were monitored. Based on the data collected, the CCP base–subbase mixtures outperformed the control mix in terms of measured pavement response and higher pavement stiffness, as exhibited by the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing results. At the end of accelerated loading, the moduli of the two CCP base–subbase mixtures, as backcalculated from the FWD tests, were up to three times higher than that measured for the control section.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Jun 2006 11:26:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/776736</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UTILIZATION OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN OHIO FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF HIGHWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highway construction and maintenance  along with other construction activities in Ohio annually consume over 58 million tons of natural resources which are mined in the state.  Ohio also generates approximately 10 million tons of coal combustion products (CCPs) and utilizes about 20% of that in various technologies, including highway applications.  This paper examines some existing and potential uses  of CCPs for highway applications which include portland cement and asphalt concrete, embankment and structural fill, stabilized base/subbase, and flowable fill.  The paper presents data that demonstrates that, if used properly, CCPs hold a great potential to displace some of the presently used natural resources in the highway and construction industry across Ohio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USES OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coal combustion products (CCPs) such as fly ash, bottom ash, and flue gas desulfurization material have been used in transportation projects on a limited basis for many years.  CCPs are cost effective substitutes for natural soil and aggregates in several transportation applications such as structural fill for embankments, flowable backfills, and cement stabilized road base.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMBINED HAZARD INDEX FIRE TEST METHODOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT CABIN MATERIALS. VOLUME I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes a laboratory test method and the modeling of the resultant data to produce a means of ranking aircraft cabin materials for the combined hazards produced in a survivable post-crash fire. Ranking is based on reducing each hazard accumulating in a cabin during a 5-minute crash fire scenario to the common denominator of a passenger escape time. Combined Hazards Index (CHI) is expressed as the number of seconds of scenario burn time at which the sum of the fractional hazards doses reaches an escape limit. All data was obtained using a computer-augmented Ohio State University Calorimeter modified to measure the major combustion gases in addition to heat and smoke as a material burns. A computerized fire analysis model was developed to predict cabin environmental hazards from the laboratory data. A human survival model relating short term hazard dose to incapacitation time was incorporated in this program. The changing cabin environment was compared continuously with the human survival model limits to calculate the unaided escape time ranking for each material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177494</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NITRIC OXIDE MEASUREMENT STUDY. VOLUME I. OPTICAL CALIBRATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/169091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calibration devices suitable for providing known amounts of nitric oxide (NO)at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 2000 K and pressures of 0.5 atm (50.7KPa) to 2.0 at m (203kPa) are described with their design considerations. Methods for confirming nitric oxide concentration are given. The spectroscopic theory for the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the gamma (0,0) band of nitric oxide is reviewed. Experimental values for oscillator strengths an broadening parameters for NO with various collision partners are provided. Experimental results confirming the adequacy of a computer spectral model and, hence, the calibration are presented along with the details of the model. finally, the results of an empirical calibration of an infrared gas correlation spectrometer are given. (Authro)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/169091</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE CORRELATION OF ANIMAL RESPONSE DATA WITH THE YIELDS OF SELECTED THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS FOR TYPICAL AIRCRAFT INTERIOR MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/82619</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this report is to describe the correlations between animal response data and the yields of selected thermal decomposition products. Seventy-five aircraft interior materials, including panels, fabrics, foams, and thermoplastics were thermally decomposed under conditions of oxidative pyrolysis in a tube furnace. In one experiment performed at the Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI), the thermal decomposition products were directed into an animal exposure chamber containing male albino rats. Both times-to-incapacitation (ti) and times-to-death (td) were recorded. In a separate experiment performed at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC), the thermal decomposition products (TDP's) were collected and analyzed for CO, HCN, H2S, HCl, HBr, NO2, SO2, HCHO, and HF yields. Multivariate linear regression analysis is used to correlate the times-to-incapacitation with the yields of the nine TDP's. The coefficients of correlation (R) between TDP yields and 1/ti values exceed 0.95 for all usage categories except panels, for which R=0.80. In addition, the coefficients of correlation between observed and predicted 1/ti values for four 'unknown' materials in each of several usage categories are: panels = 0.393, foams = 0.948, fabrics = 0.968, and thermoplastics = 0.988. Times-to incapacitation are related primarily to the yields of systemic toxicants (HCN, CO, etc.) rather than the yields of irritant TDP. In general, HCN is more important for describing 1/ti values than CO, although CO is the predominant toxicant for thermoplastics and coated fabrics. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/82619</guid>
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