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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Integrated aircraft routing and cargo routing problem for combination airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The combination airlines operate both passenger aircraft and freighter aircraft to meet passenger and cargo demand. At present, combination airlines employ a sequential approach to allocating their capacity for passenger and cargo demand. Nevertheless, implementing an integrated resource allocation procedure has the potential to improve overall resource allocation efficiency. In this paper, the authors introduce an integrated model to help combination airlines integrate their aircraft routing and cargo routing decisions to maximize the expected overall profits derived from both passenger and cargo demand. The authors considered the stochastic nature of passenger baggage and proposed a set of individual chance constraints to ensure the robustness of the integrated solution. The authors reformulate the chance constraints using piecewise linear approximation to ensure solution efficiency. In addition, the authors proposed a column-and-row generation based solution approach that removes the through-connection related constraints at the beginning of the solution process and then adds the columns and rows during the iterations as needed. The authors proved that the proposed column-and-row generation approach can obtain an optimal solution for the LP relaxation problem. The model and the solution approach were tested in a number of scenarios obtained from a major Chinese combination airline. The computational results show that the combination airline can improve their expected profits by integrating capacity allocation. The results also demonstrated that the proposed column-and-row generation solution approach can decrease the solution time of the integrated model. These findings indicate that the model and the solution method are useful and efficient tools for combination airlines when planning their aircraft and cargo routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2024 14:35:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425621</guid>
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      <title>Challenges to the air cargo business of combination carriers: Analysis of two major Korean Airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2104857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research explores the efficiency and the total factor productivity of the air cargo business of combination carriers (CCs) using stochastic frontier production. The authors estimate the coefficients of the two models by applying operational data and environment variables. The authors develop a single-step maximum likelihood procedure to obtain consistent parameter estimates and identify determinants of two airlines’ technical efficiency. They found that the air cargo business of CCs with cargo-dedicated aircraft (CDA) is at stake, shrinking their activities, rate, yield, economies of scale, density, and productivity. The CCs with CDA should update the air cargo business model to reflect current trends. Collaboration is recommended to balance supply and demand and reduce the dissimilarities between passenger and cargo transport businesses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2023 16:54:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2104857</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Price setting for extra-baggage service for a combination carrier using the newsvendor setup</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1601523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wide-body aircraft are frequently used to meet upsurges in passenger demand, resulting in the underutilization of the belly-hold capacity on many routes. In the existing literature, investigating this specific underutilization problem has not received much attention from scholars in this field. Therefore, in this paper, the authors study this problem with two main objectives. First, to propose an Extra-baggage service as a solution to the underutilization problem. Second, to provide the associated prices for the proposed extra-baggage service. For this purpose, the authors adopt the newsvendor-based pricing model that explores different prices, while combining different amounts of extra-baggage and cargo in the belly-hold space. To demonstrate the potential and feasibility of the proposed service, a numerical simulation has been performed. The simulation includes comparing the expected profit from cargo allocation with the expected profit from the allocation of a combination cargo with Extra-baggage. The simulation results show a significant profit improvement for the airlines, while using the Extra-baggage scheme. This is apparent as the profit increases by 25% over the current excess baggage scheme. Moreover, the results show a double profit improvement in various seasons. This performance echoes the importance of the extra-baggage service being implemented in real practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2019 11:02:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1601523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does cargo matter? The impact of air cargo operations on departure on-time performance for combination carriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1570994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airline business models are under constant development. Combination carriers generate revenues from passenger and cargo operations jointly. This study makes use of an econometric model to investigate how air cargo operations impact on the quality of service perceived by passengers. Building on empirical data from the U.S., it indicates that air cargo operations increase departure delays. Hence, passenger and cargo business are tied together in terms of revenue as well as operational complexity. To address this trade-off, airline business models must be considered within the entire continuum of passenger and cargo operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2018 09:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1570994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability of Long Combination Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In general, long combination vehicles (LCVs) show poor performance with regard to stability, and this has been the focus of many studies around the world. Some characteristics such as the suspension topology, tires, chassis and fifth wheel have been analyzed, separately, to determine their influence on the vehicle stability calculation. Most vehicle stability models are developed in two dimensions, and they do not consider the longitudinal aspects of the vehicle and the road such as the stiffness of the chassis, the gravity center location and the longitudinal slope angle of the road. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop a three-dimensional mechanism model of the trailer to represent all of these characteristics and their influence on the lateral stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2018 16:11:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation viability of dedicated freighter aircraft of combination carriers: A data envelopment and principal component analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors investigate how air cargo business affects the efficiency of passenger-cargo combination carriers (CCs). The globalization of the supply chain has impacted airlines and resulted in competitive pressure on the air cargo industry. Since 2008, the air cargo growth rate has not sustained the growth of previous years. The authors show that the cargo business of CCs using wide-bodied dedicated freighter aircraft (DFA) has had not a positive relationship on the airlines’ efficiency due to a lack of similarities between the passenger and cargo networks for asset sharing. The findings indicate that the DFA that use CCs should have independent and improved supply chain strategies to assist their customers in positioning global supply chain capability as part of their integrated supply chain strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Jul 2018 07:19:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516068</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Linking Carrier Descriptive Attributes to Crash Patterns: An Untapped Tool in State Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Programs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1242070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using data from Virginia and North Carolina as a pilot study, this paper explores a set of issues and questions that are believed to be national in scope. To do so, descriptive attributes of motor carriers that were involved in combination-unit truck fatal crashes in North Carolina and Virginia from 2005-2009 have been characterized. Historically, the classic paradigm for studying underlying crash causes has been to focus on driver, vehicle, and highway- and environment-related factors to identify reoccurring or prevalent patterns. There is another, untapped data source, however: data from the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) Motor Carrier Identification Report, MCS-150. All motor carriers that register with FMCSA are required to complete this form to be able to operate in interstate commerce and obtain a United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) number. This study linked MCS-150 data with crash data files to add carrier attribute/descriptive information to the list of underlying risk factors that can be studied.  Off the Interstates, the fleet size of the carriers was smaller, more of them were domiciled in the state in which the crash occurred, more private and exempt carriers were involved and, in many cases, the crash occurred very close to the carrier’s place of business. For crashes on the Interstates, the carriers tended to be larger, were more likely to be a for-hire carrier located in other states, and had traveled greater distances from their business location before the crash occurred. The crash pattern differences of small carriers (10 or fewer vehicles operated) were the same, but more pronounced compared to the patterns associated with carriers of all fleet sizes. In both states, crash patterns reflected mileage accumulation patterns on the two road types. The results suggest that small local/regional carriers face higher risks and safety challenges due to the highway environments in which they operate and that new ways to assist them be explored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2013 09:39:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1242070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proposed Regulatory Changes, Vehicle Weight &amp; Dimensional Reforms, Phase 3: White Paper</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/756319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is intended to facilitate discussion of potential regulatory changes to vehicle weight and dimension laws in Ontario.  The changes proposed will only impact heavy commercial combination vehicles.  Introductory section provide an overview of vehicle weight and dimension reforms; the expected results of the reforms in terms of safety, infrastructure damage, productivity, and regulatory complexity; and the consultation process undertaken with interested parties.  The main section highlights the regulatory proposals related to each type of vehicle and presents an implementation schedule.  Appendices include a table explaining the proposed changes, with reference to the current regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2005 12:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/756319</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FREIGHT ACTIVITY AND AIR QUALITY IMPACTS IN SELECTED NAFTA TRADE CORRIDORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/705298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Examined in the paper are the current and future air quality impacts occurring as a result of the development of North American trade and transportation corridors.  Also explored are strategies to mitigate these impacts.  The focus of the analysis is on five specific bi-national corridor segments: Vancouver-Seattle, Winnipeg-Fargo, Toronto-Detroit, San Antonio-Monterrey and Tucson-Hermosillo.  Commodity flow and ground freight traffic volumes (truck and rail) are used to estimate current air pollution emissions associated with cross border trade in each segment.  Trade forecasts to 2020 are used to estimate future trade-related emissions.  Due to the expected improvement in criteria pollutant emission controls for trucks and locomotives, total trade-related emissions of nitrogen oxide and PM-10 in 2020 will decline or remain constant compared to current levels, despite trade volumes that grow by two to four times.  The paper also discusses the impact of six emission mitigation strategies: alternative fuels for heavy trucks, reducing border delay, low sulfur diesel and use of advanced emission controls for trucks in Mexico, reducing empty freight mileage, expanded use of longer combination vehicles, and use of advanced emission controls for locomotives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 07 Aug 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/705298</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF TRACKING ABILITY OF MULTICOMBINATION VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/665067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes multi-combination vehicles (MCV), which are road freight vehicles with a prime mover towing two or more trailers.  The rear trailers of MCVs are prone to sideways movement during high-speed travel because of vehicle and road environmental characteristics.  A full-scale testing program was undertaken to measure amongst other parameters the lateral displacement of rear trailers of a range of test MCVs on straight path travel on a test road section. Lateral displacement behavior was analyzed to identify influencing parameters.  Preliminary lane width requirements of the test MCVs on the test road were identified and compared with those found in previous research and specified in existing guidelines.  Errors and biases were recognized and recommendations made to further understand tracking abilities across the range of MCVs in future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/665067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF MULTI-COMBINATION FREIGHT VEHICLES IN URBAN TRAFFIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heavy vehicles carrying increased loads are becoming increasingly  common in urban traffic.  Significant economic benefits result from the use of these vehicles, yet the benefits need to be traded off against the potentially negative impacts on other road users.  The paper discusses research expected to deliver a greater understanding of some of those impacts by investigating models that can estimate delays to other road users.  Additional research is being conducted, including calibrating the input parameters and performing the same network simulation on other microsimulation packages to compare the results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711624</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT: COLLISION BETWEEN METROLINK TRAIN 901 AND MERCURY TRANSPORTATION, INC., TRACTOR-COMBINATION VEHICLE AT HIGHWAY RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING IN GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA ON JANUARY 28, 2000</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/706875</link>
      <description><![CDATA[About 5:56 a.m. on January 28, 2000, in Glendale, California, a tractor-combination vehicle was transporting an oil refinery condenser unit.  The vehicle was attempting to traverse a highway-railroad grade crossing when it became lodged on the railroad tracks.  A northbound commuter train collided with the vehicle.  The engineer, conductor, and four passengers received minor injuries.  Total damages were estimated to be over $2 million.  The major safety issues discussed in this report were the appropriateness of the actions of the truck driver, pilot car drivers, and police escorts; the weaknesses in the planning, coordination, and execution of this oversize/overweight movement; pilot car driver and truck driver fatigue; and the lack of low-clearance warning signs.  As a result of this accident investigation, the National Transportation Safety Board issued recommendations to the Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; city of Glendale, California; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators; Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance; International Association of Chiefs of Police; National Sheriffs' Association; Specialized Carriers and Rigging Association; California Professional Escort Car Association; Texas Pilot Car Association; and United Safety Car Association.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/706875</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF SIMULATION AND TEST RESULTS FOR VARIOUS TRUCK COMBINATION CONFIGURATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/709286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper discusses tests conducted by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications of nine truck combinations with one, two, or three trailers in either A-, B-, or C-train configuration under the auspices of the CCMTA/RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study.  The tests provided a wealth of data on the vehicle response in a variety of maneuvers over a wide speed range.  The paper summarizes the modifications made to the yaw/roll program and comparisons between simulation and test responses of the nine vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/709286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLE STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/709291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The second of two congressionally mandated studies related to Longer Combination Vehicles (LCVs) conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is described in this paper.  Among the factors considered in the study were productivity gains that could be realized from the operation of an LCV network, potential safety impacts associated with LCV operations, pavement and bridge damage, performance and handling characteristics of LCVs, and potential highway improvement needs if an LCV network were to be designated.  The paper summarizes current LCV operations, reviews various impacts of wider national or regional LCV operations, and presents concluding remarks regarding policy considerations and associated research needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/709291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATING ARTICULATED VEHICLE ROLL STABILITY USING A TILT TABLE DEVICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/709283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes the design process used to construct 80 ft long, 200,000 lb capacity table capable of assessing the roll stability of long and heavy vehicles.  Also described is the method of construction and the designed instrumentation and data acquisition capabilities.  The program of testing on the table is reviewed, including the procedures used in preparing vehicles for testing, calibration of the instrumentation, data acquisition techniques and method of data analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/709283</guid>
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