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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Utilization and potentials of digital twins – application examples</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to global geopolitical challenges and technological advancements, systems of the German Armed Forces are undergoing redesign or adaptation to enhance combat capabilities while prioritizing soldier and civilian protection. Digital twins, virtual representations of reality, offer a systematic and efficient means to explore various factors affecting military systems. Specifically in the naval domain, digital twins can significantly improve applications, reduce design cost, and facilitate user involvement in early phases of the design process. In this paper the authors use the infantry fighting vehicle PUMA as an example to highlight the importance of leveraging digital twins in virtual reality to address ergonomic and operational challenges, enhance situational awareness, and optimize interaction concepts for improved military effectiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Dec 2024 16:44:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475859</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparative Dynamic Load Effects of Tracked and Wheeled Military Vehicles on Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2244293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The perceived and observed differences in the dynamic behavior between wheeled and tracked military vehicles should be considered when applying appropriate dynamic load effect values for bridge design and assessment. Based on available test data, tracked military vehicles appear to impose less severe dynamic load effects when compared with wheeled vehicles under similar crossing conditions. In exploring a range of crossing conditions, a review of test data was used to make a general comparison of the dynamic loading amplification between tracked and wheeled military vehicles. To expand the range of crossing conditions tested for an instrumented bridge, additional data were collected for an artificially induced roughness of the bridge surface. By combining the test results from previous studies with the results from this testing program, the relative dynamic loading amplification between tracked and wheeled military vehicles can be quantified for situations with similar crossing conditions. Given this comparison, it may be appropriate to use a dynamic load allowance (DLA) of as low as 70% of the code-specified DLA for wheeled vehicles when evaluating the capacity of bridges subjected to military tracked traffic. This is especially relevant when considering maneuver options for main battle tanks during military combat operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:33:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2244293</guid>
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      <title>Adaptive robust control of moving-target tracking for marching tank based on constraint following</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is devoted to the constraint-following scheme for the moving-target tracking control problem of tank on move. The mission of tank on the battlefield is to find and shoot the armored vehicle, both conditions are required to accomplish this task: complete the process from finding a moving target (time-varying constraints) to pointing to it; keep the barrel stable under highly nonlinear disturbance (which is caused by the battlefield environment). Considering modeling uncertainty and initial condition deviation, an adaptive robust strategy based on Udwadia-Kalaba scheme is presented to solve the matters of target tracking and stable following. Considering the limitation of the analytical model, a tracking system model and a target movement model are built in virtual prototyping environment, complicated road condition, and real target motion state are restored by this method. The model-based control system and the three-dimensional model are combined to verify the feasibility of the control algorithm by the method of RecurDyn/Matlab. By this way, the barrel responds and follows the movement of the target stably within 1.5 s under the action of the stabilization system, and the constraints are approximately satisfied under complex perturbations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 11:42:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987633</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamic analysis of gun control system of main battle tank</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary aim of the military tank is to hit on the target efficiently in moving condition on off-track. The battle tank is an assembly of suspension system; mobility drives of fire gun such as elevation drive, azimuth drive; ballistic system and firing system etc. These aforesaid assemble systems are mainly responsible for disturbance in stability of main gun. The track used for battle tank also plays the major role in vibrations. Hence, the stability of gun is only possible when vibrations caused by mobility drives get reduced on dynamic tank gun. Mathematical model of weapon control system is modelled in SIMULINK, all kinds of weapon drives are coupled, using a collective framework of cantilever beam to develop the gun model. The passive dynamic responses of main gun can be observed by these mathematical models. The responses of SIMULINK are validated by a model developed in ADAMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2021 15:48:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862651</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of a 1kW Exhaust Waste Heat Thermoelectric Generator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1779705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although the technology of combustion engines is reasonably well developed, the degree of efficiency is considerably low. Considerable amount of the energy of around 35 % is lost as exhaust waste heat, and up to 30 % is dissipated in the cooling circuits. Due to this, thermal recuperation has a great potential for raising the efficiency of combustion engines. In order to meet the ever-increasing consumer demand for higher fuel economy, and to conform to more stringent governmental regulations, auto manufacturers have increasingly looked at thermoelectric materials as a potential method to recover some of that waste heat and improve the overall efficiency of their vehicle fleets. Seeking new possibilities to make vehicles greener and more efficient, the industry wants to use the waste heat which passes through the exhaust system almost completely unused in the past. The combination of heat exchanger and thermoelectric material integrated into the vehicle environment results in high demands on design, size & dimensioning of the thermoelectric generator system. As a company specializing in the manufacture of exhaust systems for the automotive industry, Eberspächer Exhaust Systems of Americas is uniquely well-positioned to develop and integrate an in-line system for the capture and conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy, and to account for the effects of the heat exchanger on the rest of the exhaust system and engine. In this paper, the stages of the thermal and mechanical design of heat exchanger, material selection, analytical simulations of thermal, contact phenomena, finite element methodology used, physical TEG prototype fabrication and testing stages involved in the development of a 1000 Watt thermoelectric generator (TEG) for a diesel engine of a military tank are explained in detail.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 May 2021 11:49:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1779705</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Load Effects of Wheeled and Tracked Military Vehicles on a Steel Girder Composite Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The perceived and observed differences in the dynamic behavior between wheeled and tracked military vehicles should be accounted for in the application of appropriate dynamic load effect values for bridge design and assessment. No current North American bridge design or assessment code provides guidance on methods to differentiate between the dynamic loading effects of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Civilian codes and the Military Load Classification (MLC) system used by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) typically use the same dynamic loading effects values for both wheeled and tracked vehicles that can significantly impact and limit the mobility of tracked vehicles. Bridge load testing was carried out to compare the dynamic loading effects between three wheeled military vehicles and a main battle tank, Leopard 2. Results indicate that it may be appropriate to reduce the dynamic load allowance (DLA) used for military tracked vehicles by one-third of that used for military wheeled vehicle analysis. A review of several nations' DLA values was carried out, and application of a reduced DLA for tracked vehicles could result in an increase to the predicted bridge capacity of 5%–13% for tracked vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2021 13:58:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobility Performance Prediction Model for Main Battle Tanks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility performance prediction models for tracked vehicles are well established as seen from the literature reviews. However, these simulation models are more suitable for commercial vehicle applications than for military vehicles which operate under a wide range of terrain conditions and hostile environment. Most of the models do not take into account the effect of cooling fans, soft ground rolling resistance, and torque converter to predict mobility, and therefore using them for military vehicles would pose vital problems and not yield the expected results. This paper attempts to address these problems by using a MATLAB/SIMULINK model, which takes into account these factors for a 65 ton Main Battle Tank (MBT) as a case study. A simulation model for the above vehicle was developed incorporating effects of cooling fan and torque converter. The results were validated with published trial data for an in-service Main Battle Tank of the same weight class. The results revealed that the accuracy of the model is within         91-97% of the published data. The model was further fine-tuned to incorporate a variety of terrain conditions such as tarmac road, desert soil, clay soil, etc. to establish the maximum feasible speed for the Main Battle Tank understudy between two specific locations within a given operating theatre.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2020 14:28:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742964</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Energy, Fuels, and Cost Analyses for the M1A2 Tank: A Weight Reduction Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing the weight of the M1A2 tank by lightweighting hull, suspension, and track results in 5.1%, 1.3%, and 0.6% tank mass reductions, respectively. The impact of retrofitting with lightweight components is evaluated through primary energy demand (PED), cost, and fuel consumption (FC). Life cycle stages included are preproduction (design, prototype, and testing), material production, part fabrication, and operation. Metrics for lightweight components are expressed as ratios comparing lightweighted and unmodified tanks. Army-defined drive cycles were employed and an FC vs. mass elasticity of 0.55 was used. Depending on the distance traveled, cost to retrofit and operate a tank with a lightweighted hull is 3.5 to 19 times the cost for just operating an unmodified tank over the same distance. PED values for the lightweight hull are 1.1 to 2 times the unmodified tank. Cost and PED ratios decrease with increasing distance. Fuel savings from lightweighting do not offset lightweight part production and retrofitting costs for realistic distances. A life cycle refurbishment/refitting analysis of these components was conducted to evaluate part production and operational impact differences between lightweight and heavier components. The cost ratio between lightweight and heavier hull varies (with distance) from 1.58 to 1.96 and the PED ratio ranges from 1.0 to 1.07. These ratios are more favorable than those above, primarily due to the inclusion of upstream life cycle stages for unmodified tanks. Lightweighting decisions usually consider cost and energy tradeoffs, but other logistical and mission-oriented objectives are also critical in deciding to lightweight vehicles, especially military ones.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Live Load Distribution Factor for Tank Loading on Slab-Girder Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1638756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this research is to obtain the bending moment and shear live load distribution factors (LLDFs) for interior girders of simply supported slab-girder bridges subjected to continuous loading, such as military tanks. The effective parameters considered in calculating the live load distribution factor were: Girders’ number and spacing, span length, slab thickness and the longitudinal to transverse ratio of deck stiffness. Over fifty 3D finite element models were created based on the existing information of bridges in the USA. An equation was obtained for the distribution factor and its validity was assessed against the numerical results. The proposed equation was compared with the AASHTO-LRFD equation for one lane of standard truck loading and also with the equation proposed by the US army corps of engineers for military vehicles. The accuracy of the equation was also verified by performing several sensitivity analyses for the parameters involved. It is concluded that the proposed LLDF equation predicts the distribution factor more accurately than the above mentioned specifications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2019 14:42:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1638756</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virtual Combat Vehicle Experimentation for Duty Cycle Measurement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a human-in-the-loop motion-based simulator which was designed, built and used to measure the duty cycle of a combat vehicle in a virtual simulation environment. The simulation environment integrates two advanced crewstations which implement both a driver's station and a gunner's station of a simulated future tank. The simulated systems of the tank include a series hybrid-electric propulsion system and its main weapon systems. The simulated vehicle was placed in a virtual combat scenario which was then executed by the participating Soldiers. The duty cycle as measured includes the commands of the driver and gunner as well as external factors such as terrain and enemy contact. After introducing the project, the paper describes the simulation environment which was assembled to run the experiment. It emphasizes the design of the experiment as well as the approach, challenges and issues involved. It presents the experiment results and briefly discusses on-going and future work.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jul 2017 09:28:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429845</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Steering Tanks using Information Displayed on an Episcope</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/925124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how tanks are steered using information displayed on an episcope.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Aug 2010 09:11:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/925124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Working with TARDEC: Tank Automotive Research, Development &amp; Engineering Center Advanced Planning Briefing for Academia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/879056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Advanced Planning Briefing for Academia looks at academic partnership opportunities, contracting, export of technical data, and sources of further information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2009 07:38:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/879056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>M3A1 Hyundai Container Roll-In/Roll-Out Platform (CROP) TP-94-01, Transportability Testing Procedures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), Validation Engineering Division (SMAAC-DEV), was tasked by the U.S. Army Tank- automotive and Armaments Command to conduct a First Article Test (FAT) on the Container Roll-in-Roll-Out Platform (CROP) manufactured by Hyundai Precision America, San Diego, California. The CROPs were tested and evaluated In accordance with the testing procedures of TP-94-01, 'Transportability Testing Procedures'. Testing included rail impact tests at 4, 6, and 8.1 mph forward and 8.1 mph in the reverse direction, hazard course, and road course. The satisfactory performance of the Hyundai CROPs during testing has demonstrated that they are adequate to transport ammunition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2008 08:27:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of the loading weight distribution on the stability of a tank vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/772140</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes a computer simulation made for the Ministry of Transport and Communications Finland with the objective of evaluating the effect of loading on the stability of an articulated vehicle in two different situations during operation. The simulation was made for three types of articulated vehicles by placing the load either mainly on the truck or the trailer part of the vehicle. The simulated articulated vehicles were 1) a trailer combination where the truck and the trailer have three axles (combination 3-3), 2) a trailer combination where the truck has three axles and the trailer has four axles (combination 3-4), and 3) an articulated semitrailer followed by an additional trailer; the truck, the semitrailer and the trailer all have three axles (combination 3-3-3). The simulation models cover two basic situations: double exchange of driving lane, where the driver manoeuvres around an obstacle in his own lane into the lane of the approaching traffic, and returns immediately to his own lane, and driving on the road shoulder, where the vehicle swerves onto the road shoulder, and the driver tries to manoeuvre back to the traffic lane. The speed was 80 km/h in the case of the double exchange of driving lane and 50 km/h in the case of swerving onto the road shoulder. The results of the calculations are presented as graphs at the end of the report. In addition, the client received computer animations of selected calculated cases. The response of the driver in extreme situations is largely influenced by his observations from the driver's seat. If the grip of the truck tyres is significantly better than that of the trailer tyres, the driver will get no response regarding the possible loss of trailer tyre grip, and the trailer may start to slide uncontrollably sideways. Based on the calculated results of this study, the distribution of load to the trailer part of an articulated vehicle with a separate trailer should be avoided. The sideway slides of the last unit of a long articulated vehicle will not easily be perceived by the driver during driving, and the driver will therefore not be able to feel and correct the possible starting slide of the main trailer. Based on the calculations of this study, a trailer behind an articulated semitrailer is subjected to sideways swerves, and it is therefore not recommended to attach a trailer behind an articulated semitrailer. This report is available at http://www.mintc.fi or http://www.mintc.fi/oliver/upl469-0304.pdf]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2006 08:53:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/772140</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RIDE MOTION SIMULATOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/697296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the analysis of the Ride Motion Simulator (RMS) designed for the U.S. Army Tank Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) in Warren, Michigan. It provides system and component descriptions and a specific hazard analysis of the RMS. The scope of this analysis is the systematic assessment of the real and potential hazards associated with the RMS. This report is an attempt to identify hazards and to discuss the elimination or control of the identified hazards. This documentation is used to assist TACOM in obtaining a man rating status for the RMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/697296</guid>
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