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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>PROJECTIONS OF DEMAND FOR WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION, OHIO RIVER BASIN, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2020, 2040. VOLUME 3. GROUP I. COAL &amp; COKE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/168863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Corps of Engineers report describes one of three independent but complementary studies of future freight traffic on the Ohio River Basin Navigation System. Each of the studies considers existing waterborne commence and develops a consistent set of projects of future traffic demands for all of the navigable waterways of the Basin. Each report contains information on past and present waterborne commerce in the Basin and projections by commodity groups and origin-destination areas from 1976 to at least 1990. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/168863</guid>
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      <title>SHORT TERM COAL DEMAND MODEL. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the development of a short term model, the primary purpose of which is to predict bituminous coal and lignite consumption patterns, preferably at the State level of detail, under alternative policy scenarios. The model components described are all econometrically based. Alternative methodologies requiring additional research are presented in the final chapter. The development of a coal demand model was based upon perceptions of the unique characteristics of the various demand sectors. Historically, coal demand has been differentiated into four major components: a) coking coal demand; b) retail, manufacturing and other industrial coal demand; c) coal demand by electric utilities; and d) export demand for coal. Due to the marked differences in these four sectors, the variables they depend on, and the quantity and quality of available data, each sector was modelled separately. The demand for coal in the electric utility sector is dependent upon two major factors: electricity production and inventory levels. Chapter III details the methodology developed to forecast electricity generation by state. This variable is integrated with forecasts of inventory level to forecast coal consumption in the utility sector. Additional research recommendations suggested are based upon the availability of additional data resources, the experience and insights gained from the analyses and recognition of the dynamic nature of coal consumption patterns in the United States. (ERA citation 04:038127)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Dec 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SHORT-TERM COAL DEMAND MODEL. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM TM/ESA/78-01</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Coal Analysis Division of the Office of Energy Source Analysis of Energy Information Administration has developed a Short Term Coal Demand Model (STCDM) for use by the Federal Government and interested outside groups. This model provides quarterly forecasts of electrical generation and coal consumption for three years at the state level. This report summarizes the development and design of the model. The electric utility sector is the largest consumer of coal, accounting for approximately 75% of the total demand for bituminous coal in recent years. Consequently, accurate modeling of this sector is essential for forecasting the demand for coal. Various econometric problems and structural irregularities exist, however, that must be taken into account in the final specification. The demand for coal by electric utilities is dependent on the demand for electricity, coal-fired generating capacity, and the relative costs of generating electricity using alternate boiler fuels. Thus, as the demand for electrical energy increases, for whatever reason, the demand for coal used to generate electrical energy would also be expected to increase. Many factors affecting the decisions of electric utilities in their choice of fuel mix and operating options cannot be easily quantified. Some examples are given. (ERA citation 04:052528)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155451</guid>
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      <title>DEMONSTRATED RESERVE BASE OF U.S. COALS WITH POTENTIAL FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLURGICAL COKE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148950</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A demonstrated reserve base (DRB) of bituminous coal suitable for cokemaking has been estimated based on the latest published information on U.S. coal reserves.  Bureau of Mines analyses of raw coalbed samples were used to classify the coals as low-, medium-, and high-volatile bituminous and grade them as premium, marginal, and latent coking coals.  Coal rank was used as the basis for identifying coking coals, and ash and sulfur content were used to determine coking coal grade.  The demonstrated reserve base of coking coal for the entire United States is 162.67 billion tons.  However, only 18.96 billion tons are premium (metallurgical) grade, and between 80 and 99 percent occurs in the Eastern States.  The demonstrated reserve base of marginal-grade coking coal is 31.3 billion tons; more than half the marginal reserve base is in the Eastern States, and most of the medium- and low-volatile marginal coals are in the Eastern States.  The Eastern and Midwestern States contain most of the latent-grade DRB of 112.4 billion tons; most (106.6 billion tons) is high-volatile coal, and 98 percent of the medium- and low-volatile latent coals occur in the Eastern States.  Based on the worst assumption, which assumes that only premium-grade coals are used for cokemaking, the DRB for high-volatile coal would suffice for 127 years, the medium-volatile coal for 80 years, and the low-volatile coal for 83 years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148950</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY NEEDS OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN THE U.S.A.--PHASE III AND IV: THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND POLICY VARIABLES ON CAPACITY, RAW MATERIAL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE U.S. STEEL INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/78432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report summarizes a portion of the results of a continuing study of the future raw material needs of the U.S. steel industry.  The purpose of the work reported here is to explore the effects of changes in technological and policy variables on capacity, raw material, and energy requirements of the domestic iron steel industry.  It is not the purpose of this work to make judgments about the efficacy of maintaining an industry capable of producing to meet demand during peak periods--only to state what the requirements of the industry will be under certain assumptions.  All steps in the manufacture of steel from the mining of raw ore to the production of finished steel are considered.  The requirements of the iron and steel industry of the United States for raw materials, scrap, productive capacity, and fuels, including the extent and form of the fuels and energy consumed, are determined as a function of the following variables: (1) Level of steel demand, (2) impact of changing technology, (3) changing process mix in steelmaking, (4) level of steel imports, and (5) level of exports of scrap.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/78432</guid>
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      <title>SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR UNITED STATES COKING COALS AND METALLURGICAL COKE. WITH A SECTION ON FOREIGN TRADE IN COKING COALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/48982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report gives the known quantities of premium-grade coking coals in each state and compares estimated current production of coking coals with the requirements of domestic coke producers. Also, demand for metallurgical coke in the United States in 1985 is projected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/48982</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PRESENT AND FUTURE POSITION OF COAL IN STEEL TECHNOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reliance on coal as the dominant energy source for the steel industry should continue until the end of the century, particularly for coal-rich countries.  Despite continued reductions in blast-furnace coke rates through such current techniques as auxiliary fuel injection and improved burdens, projected increases in steel demand will increase the requirement for metallurgical coal.  Coal preheating will broaden the base of coals used in conventional cokemaking. Formed coke, which should be commercialized by 1980, can extend significantly the reserves of coal applicable to steelmaking processes.  Rapid growth in direct reduction can be anticipated, especially for countries with adequate resources of liquid and gaseous fuels and/or limited reserves of coking coal.  For countries that are rich in coal but not in gas and oil, the development of coal gasification and liquefaction could accelerate direct reduction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45955</guid>
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      <title>USE OF ENERGY IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY DURING THE PAST TWO DECADES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trends in energy consumption by the world's steel industry are examined with special emphasis on the Japanese industry, and technical steps that could be effective in saving energy are presented.  One example is the reduction of blast furnace fuel rate.  Since energy used in iron and steel manufacture mostly comes from coking coal, recommendations are given on how to increase the efficiency of this coal, as well as on the viability of developing noncoking coals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Apr 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY ON THE DEMAND FOR METALLURGICAL COAL AND COKE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES TO 1985</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/38032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Bureau of Mines sponsored a study of the impact of changing technology on the demand for metallurgical coal and coke to 1985.  Individual technologies were analyzed to determine what effect each had on the demand for and the consequent consumption of metallurgical coal and coke in the steel industry.  The domestic steel industry demand for metallurgical coal and coke for the production of hot metal will probably increase through 1985.  Formcoke if implemented on a worldwide basis could begin to supplant the U.S export market for metallurgical coal.  The major technologies that have contributed to the decline in demand for metallurgical coke per ton of hot metal are (1) the increased usage coupled with higher iron content of agglomerates, (2) modification of blast furnace practices such as high top pressures and blast temperatures, and (3) increases in the injection of supplemental fuels.  The projected demand for metallurgical coal and coke under current technology for 1985 are 190.4 and 76.0 million tons, respectively.  With future technology implemented, the demand for metallurgical coal and coke will be 82.0 and 56.9 million tons, respectively.  The projected domestic demand for metallurgical coke could further decrease by as much as 15 to 20 million tons by 1985 if formcoking proves technologically and economically feasible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/38032</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN OIL SHALE, NAHCOLITE, DAWSONITE COMPLEX IN COLORADO, OPTION III, CIRCA 1971</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Option III concerns mining and processing a nahcolite deposit in the Piceance Creek basin, Colorado, plus an underlying measure of oil shale containing 14.8 percent nahcolite and 11.6 percent dawsonite by weight, and yielding 37 gallons of shale oil per ton.  Principal products are soda ash, alumina, and shale oil.  Coke, sulfur, and ammonia are evaluated as byproducts.  A two-level shaft mining operation, retorting, partial refining, and a minerals processing plant requires a capital investment of $636,973,000 in 1971 dollars to process 8,000 tons per calendar day of white nahcolite ore and 60,000 tons per calendar day of mineral-bearing oil shale.  An income of $257,599,600 based on 1971 prices requires $151,373,400 annual operating expenditures including labor, materials, maintenance, taxes, insurance, overhead, and depreciation. The discounted cash flow rate of return is 14.45 percent based on a weighted average depreciation life of 14.155 years.  This option differs from Option II in depth of the shale bed mined and anlaysis of the deposit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10909</guid>
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