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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An option-based capacity control mechanism for code-sharing alliances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533817</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses capacity control problems in code-sharing alliances, which deal with the determination of member airlines' booking limits. The authors propose an innovative option-based capacity control mechanism to overcome the drawback of inflexibility in blocked seat allotment for a two-airline code-sharing alliance. The mechanism incorporates the concept of a straddle, an advanced option strategy in finance, to allow member airlines the flexibility to tackle not only downward but also upward demand variations during the booking process. The authors design simulation experiments and use a case illustration to show scenarios when the code-sharing alliance can benefit from the proposed mechanism.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 17:11:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533817</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Pricing effects of code-sharing in Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the impact of code-sharing (CS) agreements on airfares in Africa, a region largely overlooked in existing airline cooperation research. Analysing a comprehensive dataset covering international one-stop routes in Africa from 2017 to 2019, the authors examine the direct effects of CS agreements on connecting itinerary discount economy fares that swap from interline to CS. Additionally, the authors explore the spillover effects of airlines adopting CS on the fares of those that do not implement it. The authors' key findings reveal that the implementation of CS agreements results in an approximately 18% reduction in airfares for African international routes. Furthermore, the authors identify a negative spillover effect, demonstrating reduced airfares for interline itineraries by 12% when rival pairs adopt CS, while online and direct itineraries experience smaller reductions (around 4%).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 09:00:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413835</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cooperative Strategy for Airline Code-Share Agreements – a Comparative Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2400098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Members of marketing airline alliances cooperatively book seats from the operating airline and compete with each other in the market. This paper models and discusses two types of bargaining pricing processes: representative-based and agent-based cooperative bargaining. It also considers the internal negotiation mechanism within the marketing airline alliance for representative-based bargaining. Using a cooperative bargaining approach, the effects of marketing airline mergers in code-share agreements with the operating airline are analysed. The performance of two sub-strategies under representative-based bargaining is compared with the non-cooperative case. The study concludes that representative-based bargaining without internal negotiation intensifies competition, while representative-based bargaining with internal negotiation has the opposite effect. Cooperative bargaining with internal negotiation benefits both the marketing airlines and the operating airline, whereas representative-based bargaining without internal negotiation may result in a total profit loss. The choice of which bargaining strategy to adopt depends on the bargaining power and the substitutability of different market airline brands. This research provides the basis and support for the formulation of pricing strategies in airline alliances' code-sharing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2024 11:36:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2400098</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Codesharing and airline partnerships within, between and outside global alliances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airline partnerships with coordinated scheduling of air transport services such as alliances and joint ventures are a significant feature of the global airline industry. All advanced airline partnerships are rooted in codesharing. Therefore, the authors examine codeshare relations between the world's 50 largest airlines with hierarchical clustering using flight schedules data to detect airline partnership clusters of different sizes independently of memberships in global alliances. The authors' analysis confirms that the closest collaboration occurs within global alliances. There are also airline partnerships with extensive codesharing between aligned and non-aligned carriers, but not between airlines of different global alliances. Star Alliance appears to be the least tightly coupled global alliance, oneworld the most inclusive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2024 08:35:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Buying airline partners: Parallels between Swissair and Etihad Airways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317326</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 1990s Swissair adopted an alliance business model through the purchase of minority stakes in a number of carriers. Etihad Airways followed a similar approach from 2011 through until the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, building equity stakes in a range of carriers in Europe, and the Indo-Pacific region. This paper uses comparative case study analysis, and argues that making substantial equity investments in second-tier (often loss-making or debt-laden) airlines increases risk without offsetting benefits. Viable alternatives to equity stakes exist including code-sharing, strategic partnerships and global alliance membership, that generate equally attractive customer perceived benefits, while avoiding the need for financial capital being applied less efficiently. Furthermore, this paper argues that profitability is not directly linked to alliance membership. Return on investment is arguably even harder to achieve when the alliance is based on a small selection of second tier carriers. The paper concludes with several future scenarios that could play out for airlines contemplating equity-based alliances, and identifies membership of one of the larger global alliances as the probable better option.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 16:58:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317326</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Good or bad? Passenger feelings regarding code-share alliances among airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1990569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Code-share agreements among airlines are common in today's airline industry and have advantages for both airline operations and passenger itineraries. However, certain negative aspects associated with code-share arrangements can displease passengers and cause them to negatively react to their preferred airlines. This study hypothesized various scenarios demonstrating code-share alliances between passengers' preferred airlines and other partners. Then, perception data from 547 Taiwanese airline passengers were collected, and multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to discover the determinants influencing passengers' behavioral intentions. The results revealed that code-share partners from developing countries, passengers' awareness of code-share schemes, and the perceived risk of service inconsistency among code-share airlines are the key drivers influencing passengers' feelings regarding code-share strategies. Those feelings, good or bad, have clear connections with passengers' coping behaviors in terms of favorable or averse reactions. Additionally, trip purpose, travel type and sociodemographic factors, such as gender, age, and monthly income, have various degrees of influence on passengers' feelings concerning code-shared flights. Furthermore, managerial implications are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2022 09:27:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1990569</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Code-sharing agreements and path quality in the US airline industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1901310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When appraising code-sharing partnerships, policymakers are primarily interested in how such marketing arrangements affect prices. Expectedly, the pricing effects of code-sharing have been abundantly studied. This paper examines the impact of codeshare agreements on the itinerary routing of airline products in U.S. domestic markets. Using data from the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, the author identifies two main findings. First, consistent with the literature, they find that the overwhelming majority of domestic code-share itineraries involve a single operating carrier, a practice they refer to as virtual code-sharing. Second, and most importantly, they find that virtual (traditional) codeshare itineraries are associated with better (worse) path quality relative to itineraries marketed and operated by a single carrier in the same market. The path quality effects the author finds come from different sources. In the case of virtual code-sharing, the positive path quality effects come from both short- and long-haul markets whereas in the case of traditional code-sharing, the negative path quality effects originate from long-haul markets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:53:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1901310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In the Decision to Code-Share a Route Different for Virtual and Traditional Code-Share Arrangements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1662245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyzes factors that determine whether alliance carriers choose to remain in or leave a code-share agreement on individual routes. Different types of code-sharing are considered: traditional code-shared routes, virtual code-shared routes and those routes with both traditional and virtual code-sharing. Empirical results show that factors affecting alliance firms’ code-sharing decisions significantly differ for virtual versus traditional code-share agreements. Virtual codesharing tends to take place in less dense markets and is not significantly affected by yields. This provides tentative support for the Ito and Lee (2005) argument that virtual code-sharing provides a mechanism by which carriers practice price discrimination (for instance, filling unoccupied seats in less dense markets). In contrast traditional code-sharing is found to be more likely to occur in dense markets and higher yields increase the probability of such arrangements. Thus, traditional code-sharing seems to be used to achieve the networking economics and cost savings derived from dense markets and thus appears to be more effective as an instrument to introduce competition into a market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2020 09:43:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1662245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airline Code-Sharing and Capacity Utilization: Evidence from the US Airline Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1663532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following the passage of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, the degree of competition among air carriers, increased significantly. Airlines resorted to many ways—including code-sharing—in response to competitive pressures. This article is a retrospective study on the load factor effects of the largest domestic codeshare partnership established in 2003—between Delta, Northwest, and Continental airlines. After controlling for aircraft configuration, carrier, and market characteristics, the authors find evidence that code-sharing improves the partners’ load factors relative to other carriers in all markets combined. However, they find statistically significant negative (positive) codeshare effects on load factor in markets where the codeshare partners competed (did not compete) prior to code-sharing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 09:44:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1663532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Codeshare agreements in the integrated aircraft routing problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1654842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Codesharing, a common form of airline alliances, allows an airline company to market a flight operated by another airline company as its own and thus expand its outreach network. However, for an airline company, some decisions related to codeshare agreements cannot be standalone decisions that do not interact with the airline’s flight operation planning decisions including flight scheduling, fleet assignment, aircraft routing and crew scheduling. To the extent of the authors' knowledge, this is the first work in the literature to introduce the idea of codeshare agreements while integrating it with flight scheduling, fleet assignment and aircraft routing while considering propagated delay, deadhead flights and demand uncertainty in an optimization framework. To achieve this, a two-stage stochastic model that integrates flight scheduling, fleet assignment and aircraft routing was developed. Two column generation-based algorithms were developed to solve this highly complex problem and a sensitivity analysis is performed on some parameters. The results show that codeshare agreements can have a significant impact on the profits of an airline company by allowing for more flights to be scheduled while minimizing delays in aircraft routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2019 15:25:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1654842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenging the interline and codeshare legacy: Drivers and barriers for airline adoption of airport facilitated inter-airline network connectivity schemes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1642256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Network connectivity has always been under the sovereignty of airlines until a few years ago when a small number of airports embarked on challenging that legacy and introduced the first so-called airport-led transfer schemes. Although the viability and future of airport-led transfer schemes that entail an airport-airline-co-operation is heavily dependent on airline participation, their role and what could promote or impede their adoption decision is generally absent from academic literature. Therefore, this paper analyses the potential drivers and barriers for the airline adoption of airport facilitated inter-airline network connectivity schemes. In order to achieve this, a case study research strategy was employed and the triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data was attained through a combination of literature, interview and survey research that was guided by the innovation diffusion theory. Findings suggest a total of 23 key drivers and barriers that directly and indirectly influence the airline adoption of airport facilitated inter-airline network connectivity schemes. Beyond those individual drivers and barriers, three main research findings of strategic relevance for the future diffusion and airline adoption of such schemes can be identified: Limited awareness, divergent attitudes and the schemes obsolescence risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 2019 15:07:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1642256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Etihad Airways and Saudia build on codeshare partnership : new routes planned in Africa and Asia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jun 2019 11:21:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628894</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diversity in airline alliance portfolio configuration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1570884</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alliances in the airline industry operate as a basic strategy to stimulate competition and both the number and the types of alliances have increased over time. Each airline maintains alliances simultaneously with a variable number of partners. The set of airline's alliance partners constitutes its alliance portfolio. A central theme of these portfolios is the way in which partner selection improve performance. Is the alliance portfolio configuration based on either similar or different partners? The authors examine how the differences can arise from differences between the partners themselves, from resource complementarity, and from the partners structural positions in the network. The relations between these types of differences and whether they affect firm performance are studied. Codeshare alliances established between airline companies at a global level are analyzed to establish their effects on performance. In particular, the study comprises 135 alliance portfolios all of which from major airlines. The results suggest that structural homogeneity and complementarity improve performance and that alliance portfolio diversity favors network resource complementarity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2018 10:11:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1570884</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Domestic code-sharing agreements and on-time performance: Evidence from the US airline industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1529137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A key concern to policymakers when appraising code-sharing partnerships between airlines hinges on how such arrangements affect prices and service levels. Naturally, most studies on code-sharing have disproportionately focused on its price effects. This paper examines the impact of domestic code-sharing on flight delay. Using a methodology that enables us to match airline on-time performance data to passenger itinerary data, the authors find that codeshare products—virtual and traditional—are consistently associated with less arrival delay. These results are robust to different measures of on-time performance, even after controlling for product and market characteristics, and irrespective of market hauls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 2018 12:20:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1529137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Codesharing network vulnerability of global airline alliances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global airline alliances provide connectivity based on codesharing agreements between member airlines. An alliance member exit leads to the deletion of routes (if not operated by other members) which affects network connectivity. The paper measures the vulnerability of the codesharing network (CN) of Star Alliance, SkyTeam and oneworld, respectively, by applying the theory of complex networks. A normalized CN vulnerability metric is proposed. Using airline schedules data, a ranking of member airlines according to their share in the overall CN vulnerability is derived. The results for CNs are compared with the ones for the respective total network (TN) that includes routes with and without codesharing. The findings show that oneworld is the most vulnerable global airline alliance, SkyTeam ranks second followed by Star Alliance. The proposed graph theory approach might become a building block for a more comprehensive measurement of real world airline networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 May 2018 14:45:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509211</guid>
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