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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Material Development for Cold Spray Valve Seat</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The material for the cold spray valve seat was developed to form a straight port which was effective for strong tumble flow. Hardness is necessary to ensure wear resistance, but if the material is hard, plastic deformation during particle impact becomes difficult, and the adhesion between particles and between the coating layer and the substrate decreases. In order to solve this trade-off, it was realized in the composite layer of Corson alloy which is an age-hardening copper alloy and Cobalt base hard particle. In this development, it was found that the fracture strength was improved by the addition of hard particles, and the phenomenon of Ni silicide which seemed to be effective for the fracture strength improvement was discovered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695914</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CFD Analysis of Cobalt-Based Ceramic Coatings for Energy Optimization in the Fishing Naval Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rising cost of fossil fuels has created a significant economic challenge for the fishing fleet, whose performance heavily relies on marine diesel consumption. The increase in operational costs due to fuel price surges negatively impacts the profitability of ships, particularly in the fishing industry, where profit margins are often tight. Given this issue, it is crucial to explore solutions that reduce fuel consumption without compromising the operational efficiency of ships. In this context, cobalt-based ceramic coatings, designed and tested in accordance with the ASTM-D3623 procedure, emerge as an innovative and promising alternative. These coatings reduce biofouling adhesion, a buildup of marine organisms on the ship’s hull that increases frictional resistance to movement, consequently leading to higher fuel consumption. By decreasing hydrodynamic resistance, ships require less energy for propulsion, thereby optimizing fuel consumption. Additionally, these coatings provide anticorrosive protection, extending the service life of ships and reducing maintenance costs. The cobalt-based coating has been tested under controlled laboratory conditions and subjected to hydrodynamic shear forces representative of ship navigation at a speed of 10 knots. This article evaluates via CFD the impact of these coatings on the drag resistance of a trawler ship, demonstrating that the increase in hull roughness due to biofouling adhesion on the cobalt-based ceramic coating after one month of navigation results in a 0.02% increase in drag. In contrast, the Intersleek 1001 coating leads to a 6.35% increase in drag under the same conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598390</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Addressing Vulnerabilities in the Supply Chain of Critical Minerals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The global move towards achieving net zero emissions will increase demand for low-carbon and clean technologies such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaics, electric vehicles and energy storage. However, the production of these technologies depends heavily on a few geographically concentrated minerals with limited availability. This report highlights the vulnerabilities in the supply chain of seven minerals: lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, graphite and rare earths. It examines mineral criticality assessment frameworks and the global concentration of reserves and mineral processing facilities. The report also explores technologies that could reduce global dependence on these critical minerals. Further, it recommends specific actions to improve supply and reduce demand, tracking the critical mineral value chain and co-development of technologies to explore, mine and process minerals. It also talks about the need to develop mineral stockpiles. The report also emphasises circularity and scaling up alternative technologies to reduce mineral demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 2025 09:44:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627327</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lithium-Ion Battery End-of-Life Life Cycle Assessment [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology in decarbonizing the transportation and electricity sectors, yet the use of critical materials, such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium, leads to environmental and social impacts. Reusing, repurposing, and recycling batteries mitigate these impacts by extending their lifespan and reducing reliance on virgin materials. Innovation that reduces demand for these problematic materials and increases battery efficiency also reduces impacts. Two examples of this technological innovation include, (1) the development of energy-dense cathode chemistry containing less cobalt, a material with high social and environmental impacts; and (2) the use of columnar silicon thin film anode, which results in increased energy density compared to the commonly used graphite anode.  This research assesses whether these technological innovations change the currently understood waste hierarchy, which prioritizes reuse or repurposing prior to recycling. This is of interest because retired high-cobalt batteries could supply their constituent materials sooner if recycled immediately and be used in low-cobalt, higher-performing batteries. The assessment considers the life cycle environmental impacts of two end-of-life management routes for a high-cobalt lithium-ion battery: first, recycling the battery immediately after the first use life to produce a new, and less material-intensive battery, and second, repurposing the battery for a stationary storage application followed by recycling. Findings show that battery reuse reduces life cycle environmental impacts relative to immediate recycling. Thus, from an environmental perspective, the waste hierarchy holds, and steps to retain the batteries in their highest value use, such as through repurposing, should still be prioritized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 08:59:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348357</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Should High-Cobalt EV Batteries Be Repurposed? Using LCA to Assess the Impact of Technological Innovation on the Waste Hierarchy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a key technology in decarbonizing the transportation and electricity sectors, yet the use of critical materials, such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium, lead to environmental and social impacts. Reusing, repurposing, and recycling mitigate battery impacts by extending their lifespan and reducing reliance on virgin materials. Innovation that reduces demand for these problematic materials and increases battery efficiency also reduces impacts. Two examples of this technological innovation include, (1) the development of energy dense cathode chemistry containing less cobalt, a material with high social and environmental impacts; and (2) the use of columnar silicon thin film anode, which results in increased energy density compared to the commonly used graphite anode. This research assesses whether these technological innovations change the currently understood waste hierarchy, which prioritizes reuse or repurposing prior to recycling. This is of interest because retired high-cobalt batteries could supply their constituent materials sooner if recycled immediately and be used in low-cobalt, higher-performing batteries. The assessment considers the life cycle environmental impacts of two end-of-life management routes for a high-cobalt LIB: first, recycling the battery immediately after the first use life to produce a new, and less material intensive battery, and second, repurposing the battery for a stationary storage application followed by recycling. Findings show that battery reuse reduces life cycle environmental impacts relative to immediate recycling. Thus, from an environmental perspective, the waste hierarchy holds, and steps to retain the batteries in their highest value use, such as through repurposing, should still be prioritized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 10:08:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coaxial laser cladding of cobalt-base alloy StelliteTM 6 on gray cast iron/investigations on friction, wear versus commercial brake pad, and corrosion characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Environmental legislation and the electrification of vehicles place increased requirements on brake disks in terms of wear and corrosion resistance. Departing from a preliminary study, the present investigation examined the friction and wear behavior as well as the corrosion properties of Stellite™ 6 coatings on gray cast iron, which were deposited by laser cladding. The friction and wear experiments were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer at contact pressures of 1.0 and 2.0 MPa as well as rotation speeds of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 2.0 m/s. The pins are manufactured from an automotive semi-metallic brake pad. The friction behavior of gray cast iron and Stellite™ 6 coatings is similar under changing test conditions. The tribological behavior is strongly influenced by the microstructural and mechanical properties of the coatings and the brake pad material. A third body layer of contact patches is formed on Stellite™ 6, which mainly consists of brake pad components. The transformation of the Co-matrix (fcc → hcp), subsurface fatigue, and tribo-oxidation are the main wear mechanism for Stellite™ 6. The electrochemical characteristics were analyzed by potentiodynamic polarization, and the corrosion rate was determined with Tafel plots in 3.5% NaCl solution, respectively. Compared to gray cast iron, Stellite™ 6 coatings have a pronounced corrosion resistance due to the formation of a protective passive layer of Co and Cr oxides. This corrosion resistance is mainly influenced by the microstructure. The corrosion rate of the coatings increases in parallel with the Fe dilution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Dec 2023 16:08:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Nano-Cobalt Oxide on the Rheological Behavior of Asphalt Binder and Mechanical Characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the effects of nano-cobalt oxide (nano-CoO) (1 and 2% by asphalt binder weight) on the rheological behavior of the asphalt binder and mechanical characteristics of asphalt mixtures were examined. To evaluate the behavior of the asphalt binder at moderate and high temperatures, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test was used. Besides, to study asphalt mixtures’ rutting potential and fatigue cracking, the repeated load axial (RLA) test and the indirect tensile fatigue test (ITFT) were conducted, respectively. Based on the rheological tests, adding 1 and 2% of nano-CoO to asphalt binder increases the complex modulus (G∗) and reduces the phase angle (δ) at high temperatures and significantly improves the modified asphalt binder’s rutting parameter. Also, at moderate temperatures, the addition of nano-CoO reduced the fatigue parameter of the modified asphalt binder compared to the control asphalt binder. It was demonstrated that the permanent strain of the modified specimens was decreased by about 35% compared to that of the control specimens. The fatigue tests at two temperatures and five stress levels also showed that incorporating nano-CoO significantly increased (about 90%) the fatigue life of modified samples compared to controlled samples.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:53:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108105</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle Technologies Office’s Research Plan to Reduce, Recycle, and Recover Critical Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1926676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To mitigate potential lithium-ion battery critical materials supply risks, the Department of Energy (DOE) has established the goal of reducing the cost of electric vehicle battery packs to less than $150/ kWh with technologies that significantly reduce or eliminate the dependency on critical materials and utilize recycled material feedstocks. This brief report looks at the research and development areas necessary to achieve this goal including: reducing or eliminating cobalt in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles; recovering and re-using lithium battery critical materials; and incentivizing innovative solutions by implementing the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2022 13:46:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1926676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study of Valve Seat Insert Wear Mechanisms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the wear mechanisms of valve seat inserts (VSIs) is an important aspect in the developments of new alloys for VSI applications. The microhardness of worn VSI is much higher than its original hardness and amount of work-hardening seems to relate to testing conditions and work-hardening coefficient of the material. Worn surfaces of common iron, nickel, and cobalt base alloy VSIs are examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The appearances of worn surfaces show several distinctive characteristics depending on valve seat and VSI materials as well as engine testing conditions. In many intake and dry fuel exhaust applications, worn surfaces exhibit pitting type failure that is associated with crack formation and propagation underneath the surface. In many diesel fuel exhaust applications, oxidation wear mechanism is observed. The wear mechanisms of common VSI materials are also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:17:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recent Developments in Valve Seat Insert Alloys</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1781770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High carbon, high chromium nickel and cobalt base alloys as well as intermetallic compound- type cobalt base alloy are the major valve seat insert (VSI) materials for heavy duty engine applications. Recently, several new valve seat insert alloys were successfully developed to replace these traditional nickel and cobalt base alloys. Experiments indicate that these new alloys provide similar or improved important properties, such as sliding wear resistance and hot hardness, and offer significant cost reduction compared to traditional alloys.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:14:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1781770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: A Platinum and Other Raw Material
                    Perspective Based on Vehicle Design and Technology Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1886299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Transportation remains one of the main causes of world greenhouse gas emissions,
                    which is why the automotive sector is investing heavily in electric vehicles.
                    Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are a promising and valid technology to
                    achieve long-term emission-free mobility. The potential impact of FCEV
                    introduction on several raw material markets, mainly platinum has not been
                    investigated in detail using currently available data.
                A scenario-based analysis was conducted, based on both potential future
                    technologies and FCEV design options, in order to determine the risks that would
                    come up in the case of large-scale FCEV implementation in passenger vehicles.
                    Four scenarios of widespread FCEV implementation are developed, in which vehicle
                    design, fuel cell technology, and battery chemistry are taken into account,
                    resulting in four future raw material demand scenarios for platinum (Pt), cobalt
                    (Co), nickel (Ni), and lithium (Li).
                The results show that the current Pt supply is not sufficient to fulfill the
                    projected demands, and it would become temporarily critical during FCEV ramp-up
                    regardless of what design and technology are being implemented. Closed-loop
                    approaches and recycling are considered necessary to mitigate supply deficits.
                    However, considering the worldwide Pt reserves, this should not be considered a
                    long-term risk. The effect of FCEV implementation on battery raw material
                    markets appears to be minor; depending on the battery technology being used,
                    FCEV demand would cause a significant surge in battery raw material demand in
                    some scenarios.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:28:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1886299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Assessment of Tailpipe Emission Characteristics on Diesel Engine Using Nanofluid with R-EGR Setup</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current research over the use of nano additive as a distinguishable thing on decelerating hazardous diesel engine emissions. The experiment was conducted with biofuel, there is no significance of engine modifications for using the biofuel. The surplus amount of oxygen integrated within the biofuel can able to generate higher combustion rate relatively it produces more NOx, the NOx burden can be reduced with the help of REGR (reformed exhaust gas recirculation). The reforming of exhaust gases causes the measurable generation of smoke, CO and HC. In order to reduce the formation of above emissions, the affordable and sustainable alternate identified from the present research, by citronella biofuel with 100ppm Cobalt Chromite nano additive. The scrutinized output enumerates that the substantial reduction in HC, CO, and BSFC with elevated EGT (exhaust gas temperature) achieved by CBN-REGR than the typical usage of the traditional CB-EGR system. During the entire combustion process at all load conditions bring up eventual NOx emissions from both CBN-EGR and CB-EGR. At maximum load conditions, CBN-EGR emitted lower smoke in contrast with CB-EGR. Substantial increase in percentage of REGR in with CBN, a marginal reduction in cylinder pressure and also liberate the exaggerated heat than CBN. The present research described a possible reduction in environment polluting exhaust emissions due to associated nano additives within the biofuel with REGR, also there is an attainable development in engine performance.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2020 16:35:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742843</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Cobalt Chromite on the Investigation of Traditional CI Engine Powered with Raw Citronella Fuel for the Future Sustainable Renewable Source</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid deficiency of fossil fuel resources encourages the research community to discover the sustainable alternate fuel, in order to overcome the fuel cost and also meet the stringent emission norms. In this connection, the current investigation explores the influence of cobalt chromate with significant potential of citronella biofuel for CI engine applications. In present investigation, the synthesized cobalt chromate nano additive blended with citronella biofuel with the help of magnetic stirrer for a period of 15 to 20 minutes on a volume basis. In this experimentation, various blend contractions are prepared as follows as 50ppm, 100ppm, and 150ppm to run the engine. The outcome results explore that the 100ppm cobalt chromate dispersion in biofuel has a significant increase in brake thermal efficiency as 2.9% than raw citronella biofuel. The engine run at full load condition, when compared to citronella biofuel the establishment of output emission is decreased marginally as 26% for HC and 9% for smoke opacity. However, the presence of nano additives in biofuel emitting the traceable amount of oxides of nitrogen, towards the exhaust gas at part load to full load conditions, corresponding to the reaction rate of nano additive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2020 16:35:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Supercapacitors Based on Co9S8/Graphene Composites for Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays, SC is recognized as a key element of hybrid energy storage system in modern energy supply chain for electric vehicles (EVs). Co9S8 as a promising electrode material attracts much attention for supercapacitor owing to its superior electrochemical capacity. However, its poor stability and electronic conductivity, which result in inferior cycling performance and rate capability, have seriously limited the practical application of Co9O8 in supercapacitors.         In this article, Co9S8 nanoparticles were embedded in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via a simple anneal approach as high efficient and stable electrodes for SCs. The Co9S8/rGO composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Co9S8 nanoparticles were inserted tightly between the rGO layers due to strong intermolecular forces, preventing the cluster in reduction process of rGO from graphene oxide (GO). The rGO provides the conductive network for Co9S8 and shortens the ion diffusion paths, improving rate performance and enhancing the stability of the electrode material. The as-prepared Co9S8/rGO takes full advantages of high capacitance performance of Co9S8 nanoparticles and excellent conductivity and electrochemical stability of rGO. Thus, Co9S8/rGO composites exhibit high specific capacity of 708.3 F g-1 with the active material mass of 2 mg at current density of 1A g-1. In addition, the asymmetric hybrid SC (Co9S8/rGO//rGO) delivered an excellent energy density of 41.1 Wh kg-1 and a high power density of 750.3 W kg-1. The Co9S8/rGO composites introduced here represent a high efficiency ideal electrode that can be easily applied in automotive field with excellent performance.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2019 14:38:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wear Resistant and Fuel Efficient Ni-Co Based Composite Coating for Engine Cylinder Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1446496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automobile component particularly the engine cylinder is subjected to continuous wear during the running of the automobile specifically the two wheelers. Aluminium alloys are the material of choice due to their high strength/weight ratio. As aluminium alloys have poor wear and corrosion resistance, a uniform wear resistant composite coating is required on the bore of the internal combustion engine cylinder. There are several methods to produce composite coatings like chemical and physical vapour deposition, plasma spraying, metal infiltration, powder metallurgy etc. Ni-SiC coating commercially known as NIKASIL, is the most commercially used coating in automobile’s/aero IC engines. However, SiC tends to react with the nickel matrix at temperatures above 400 °C forming a brittle nickel silicide which deteriorates the performance of the coating. Also, the synthesis of SiC particles utilizes high energy. Present study provides an oxide namely Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) reinforced Nickel-Cobalt based wear-resistant and fuel-saving composite coating replacing the existing NIKASIL coating used in automobile engines. The said wear-resistant coating was developed using simple electrochemical deposition method. The deposition conditions were optimized and the developed coating displayed a microhardness of 500 ± 30 KHN50gf. The wear loss of Ni-Co-YSZ coating was observed to be 6.7 × 10-7 mm3/m against EN31 hardened steel. A four-stroke automobile engine cylinder was coated with Ni-Co-YSZ coating and tested according to CS-22 standard up to the engine speed of 6500 rpm. The fuel flow in the Ni-Co-YSZ coated cylinder was nearly 10 % less compared to the uncoated engine cylinder. This shows that the Ni-Co-YSZ is a fuel-efficient coating.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jun 2019 14:41:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1446496</guid>
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