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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Cooling and mechanical performance of a novel cooling asphalt mixture incorporating radiative cooling material-coated aggregate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Radiative cooling materials can exhibit superior cooling performance due to their unique spectral properties. However, using radiative cooling materials as surface coatings on pavements poses challenges in terms of cooling efficiency, mechanical durability, and driving safety. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel cooling asphalt mixture incorporating radiative cooling material-coated aggregates. The spectral properties of single and composite film structures, as well as the temperature profiles of asphalt mixtures under solar exposure, were characterized to evaluate the cooling effectiveness associated with different application forms of radiative cooling emulsion. The surface topography of aggregate coated with radiative cooling emulsion and the bonding strength at the interfaces involving aggregate, asphalt, and the cooling emulsion were investigated to elucidate the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, the radiative cooling effects of the modified aggregate on the mechanical and aging performance of the asphalt mixture were assessed to demonstrate its cooling-related functional benefits. The results indicated that the aggregate-based application of the radiative cooling emulsion can improve the solar reflectance and longwave emissivity of asphalt mixture. Although less effective in cooling performance than the surface-based approach, the aggregate-based application of radiative cooling emulsion can provide a much stronger interfacial bond with the aggregate under both dry and wet conditions. The cooling effect of radiative cooling aggregate can improve the rutting, moisture and aging resistance of asphalt mixture. The findings shed light on the design of radiative cooling asphalt mixture that integrates effective thermal regulation with satisfactory mechanical performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:54:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of RAP size and proportion on binder mobilisation and coatability in asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The amount of binder mobilised from Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregate is a critical parameter for designing recycled asphalt mixtures. This study focusses attention on three key aspects: (1) the binder content present in RAP of a given gradation, (2) the amount of this binder that can be mobilised, and (3) the proportion of the mobilised binder that can coat fresh aggregates (referred to as coatability). Here, the relative surface area of RAP and fresh aggregates in the mix significantly influences binder mobilisation. This investigation evaluates the influence of RAP and fresh aggregate sizes on binder mobilisation and coatability under three scenarios: (i) single-sized RAP and fresh aggregates in equal proportions, (ii) single-sized RAP and fresh aggregates in varied proportions, and (iii) multiple sizes of RAP and fresh aggregates. Results demonstrate that binder mobilisation decreases with an increase in the surface area of RAP aggregates and increases with an increase in the surface area of fresh aggregates. Similarly, binder coatability improves as the surface area of fresh aggregates increase. Depending on the selected sizes and proportions of RAP and fresh aggregates, binder mobilisation increased by 16–74%, and coatability of the mobilised binder improved by 11–80%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synergistic improvement on temperature and moisture stability of asphalt mixture with steel slag aggregate coated by waterborne polyurethane</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To enhance the temperature and moisture stability of steel slag asphalt mixture in high-temperature and humid regions, as well as to improve the steel slag utilization, the steel slag encapsulated by waterborne polyurethane (WPU-SSA) was fabricated. And then asphalt mixtures with different WPU-SSA contents were prepared, meanwhile, the volume expansion rate and thermal conductivity were tested. Furthermore, the temperature stress of asphalt mixtures was simulated based on the COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. Finally, the application feasibility of WPU-SSA was analyzed through material cost and technical evaluation. The results showed that the volume expansion rate of asphalt mixture with 100% WPU-SSA can be reduced by 40.3%, and the thermal conductivity was decreased by 28% when the WPU-SSA content was increased from 0% to 60%. The temperature stress of asphalt mixture was decreased with the increase of WPU-SSA content. As the WPU-SSA content was increased from 0% to 100%, the temperature at depth of 4cm of asphalt mixture was decreased by 2.2°C, and the temperature stress at depth of 0cm and 4cm was reduced by 40% and 25%, respectively. Although the use of WPU-SSA increased the cost of waterborne polyurethane, it can still save about 7% construction material cost compared to limestone asphalt mixture and provide potential in reducing subsequent maintenance cost. In addition, the fabrication process of WPU-SSA can be achieved by existing technologies and equipment, making it highly feasible for large-scale application and promotion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 14:48:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IC2A project summary : Final report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cold mix asphalt for pavements, compared to conventional hot mix asphalt, is more efficient in terms of less carbon dioxide emission (by 60%) and less energy consumption (by 50%), the latter two topics are strategic issues for EU transportation sector. However, to be able to apply this technology as high performance asphalt the use of ‘harder' bitumen as a binder is necessary. However, this leads to problems with curing of the bitumen emulsion. The chemical processes controlling the curing are poorly understood and that is still a key research question to be properly addressed. The mail goal of the project “Information Controlled Cold Mix Asphalt (IC2A)” is interconnecting the surface chemistry processes that control the curing of the asphalt mix into a machine learning system for continuous evaluation and forecast the success (and a failure) of cold mix asphalt projects, i.e. developing a decision tree tool for cold-mix asphalt based on a machine learning decision model. A database of former results of ‘successes' and ‘failures' in cold mix asphalt projects at NCC protocols has been created and analysed taking into account model limitations given by the Swedish geology-properties. Some major important factors for successful mixes, both new and previous known, have been identified. As a result of this project, a new web-portal as a tool for the industry could be launched to support cold-mix asphalt technology and to contribute to the machine learning tool by adding more data needed for even more reliable forecast of the success in new cold-mix asphalt projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue crack behaviour of composite- and mono-coated marine structural components</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2320663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, experimental and numerical studies of fatigue crack growth (FCG) mechanisms in coated and uncoated structural components of EN8 steel (EN8) and aluminium alloy 6063 (AA6063) samples were compared. Electroplating (EP) (of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr)) and physical vapour deposition technique (PVD) (of aluminium nitride (Al-N) and nanocrystalline layers of titanium aluminium nitride (Ti-Al-N)) methods were used for mono and composite metallic coatings of EN8 and AA6063. The present study focuses on the implications of the coating-substrate interface during FCG initiation and propagation by considering the loading-bearing ability of the coating. Fatigue cracking mechanism depends on coating fracture toughness (FT) at the interface of mono-composite coating and its thickness. In comparison, composite-coated PVD samples proved better than mono-coated electroplated samples due to the delayed plastic deformation process on the surface of the substrate sample.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 2024 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2320663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cracking and Rutting Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating RAP and RAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of recycled materials in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) has been encouraged by transportation agencies across Canada and elsewhere to save construction costs, preserve natural resources and reduce impact on the natural environment. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has now become feasible source of acceptable quality and cost-effective recycled material in pavement construction that contributes to sustainable growth by reducing the consumption of virgin aggregates and asphalt binder as well as reduction in carbon footprints by reducing fuel consumption from that required for the equivalent quantities of virgin aggregates and virgin asphalt binder production. Some agencies have also started to use the recycled asphalt shingle (RAS), at least on a trial basis, while some others started to explore the potential use. Nevertheless, highway agencies, like Manitoba, require performance evaluation of HMA mixtures containing both RAP and RAS or RAS only to allow them as acceptable materials and/or to determine the acceptable proportions for pavement construction. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of HMA mixtures in Manitoba containing both RAP and RAS for a potential move to allow RAS in the HMA to advance sustainability in pavement construction. In the experimental phase of this project, three local asphalt mixtures including a virgin mix, a mix that contains RAP only, and a mix that contains both RAP and RAS were assessed in terms of cracking and rutting performance as well as moisture susceptibility. Cracking resistance was evaluated using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test, while rutting and moisture resistance were evaluated using the Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Test. Results showed that RAP and RAS combination improved both rutting and moisture resistance but led to a more brittle behaviour with low cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2023 16:47:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Polymer-Coated Rubber Technologies with Mechanistic-Empirical Performance Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015425</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polymer modification techniques of asphalt binders have received significant attention as it includes economical value and most importantly adds improvement to the performance of asphalt pavements. Research has shown that the polymer’s presence offers additional elastic recovery and viscosity to the neat binder based on the type of modification technology. This study investigated the effects of a specific polymer-coated rubber (PCR) through both dry and wet technologies on asphalt mixtures. Advanced laboratory tests on binder and mixture levels were conducted. In addition, to better understand the long-term performance of the modification techniques, mechanistic-empirical (ME) analyses were performed. The mechanistic empirical asphalt pavement analysis (MEAPA), a web-based mechanistic-empirical pavement analysis software, was used in this study. The results were compared to a conventional polymer (SBS) modified mixture. Although experimental results showed that SBS modified mixture performed better, overall ME long-term performance predictions implied that PCR modified mixtures would perform well in the field. Among the two technologies adopted in the study, PCR wet modified mixtures perform slightly better than PCR dry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2022 09:03:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015425</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Tunable Hyperspectral Imager for Detection and Quantification of Marine Biofouling on Coated Surfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fouling control coatings (FCCs) are used to prevent the accumulation of marine biofouling on, e.g., ship hulls, which causes increased fuel consumption and the global spread of non-indigenous species. The standards for performance evaluations of FCCs rely on visual inspections, which induce a degree of subjectivity. The use of RGB images for objective evaluations has already received interest from several authors, but the limited acquired information restricts detailed analyses class-wise. This study demonstrates that hyperspectral imaging (HSI) expands the specificity of biofouling assessments of FCCs by capturing distinguishing spectral features. The authors developed a staring-type hyperspectral imager using a liquid crystal tunable filter as the wavelength selective element. A novel light-emitting diode illumination system with high and uniform irradiance was designed to compensate for the low-filter transmittance. A spectral library was created from reflectance-calibrated optical signatures of representative biofouling species and coated panels. The authors trained a neural network on the annotated library to assign a class to each pixel. The model was evaluated on an artificially generated target, and global accuracy of 95% was estimated. The classifier was tested on coated panels (exposed at the CoaST Maritime Test Centre) with visible intergrown biofouling. The segmentation results were used to determine the coverage percentage per class. Although a detailed taxonomic description might be complex due to spectral similarities among groups, these results demonstrate the feasibility of HSI for repeatable and quantifiable biofouling detection on coated surfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 16:44:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of Mixer Type and Mixing Time for Hot Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content on Mix Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mixing process in the laboratory is directed by standards. Those standards make recommendations and present some limits. The influence of the laboratory technique to produce asphalt mixes affects the properties and performance of the mixes. Different mixers that produce different mixing energy that are used for different mixing time are considered acceptable, and those variations affect the materials. It could have major impact on aggregates and asphalt mix properties, on the bitumen oxidation, and on the compaction. This paper presents the effect of the mixing process in laboratory for Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) with high content of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Three types of mixers have been used for this research project. For each mixer type, four mixing times were selected based on the mixer properties. The stiffness of bituminous mixture was also evaluated with dynamic tests (waves propagation) and indirect tensile modulus tests (ITSM). According to the results, voids during the SCG compaction have changed with the mixing time for all mixer types and all gyrations. A translation based on the mixing time between the different curves has been observed. For stiffness, results changed through the mixing time and an optimum was obtained for each mixer type.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Mar 2022 14:50:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Low-Temperature Cracking Resistance of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures Using a Modified IDEAL Procedure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The observation of significant aggregate fracturing during testing is a challenge in interpretation of low-temperature cracking resistance testing of recycled asphalt mixtures. This challenge is becoming more important due to increased interest of using high contents of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) in the production of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). It is believed that such aggregate fracturing is an artifact of the test conditions in the laboratory and does not represent field conditions. ) In this study, a modified procedure of the Indirect Tensile Cracking Test (IDEAL) was developed to reduce or eliminate aggregate fracturing through adjusting testing temperatures and loading rates. The results show that mixture CTindex values measured with the modified IDEAL procedure can differentiate effectively based on RAP/RAS amounts, recycling agent types, and laboratory aging conditions. The CTindex values also correlate very well with blended binder Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) results, indicating that the test procedure reduces the interference of aggregate fracturing and showing the effects of binders low-temperature properties on the high recycled asphalt mixtures. It is recommended that this issue of aggregate fracturing needs to be carefully considered in IDEAL and other types of low-temperature cracking tests being used today.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Mar 2022 14:50:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930557</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comportement et étude des graves-émulsion. Coopération public-privé : Résistance à l'orniérage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[La méthode de formulation des enrobés impose de valider la résistance aux déformations permanentes du matériau.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:49:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combined Effect of Warm Mix Processes and Multi-recycling on the Main Criteria of the French Asphalt Mix Design Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study reported here aims to precise the combined effect of warm mix processes and multi-recycling on the main criteria of the French asphalt mix design method. Asphalt concretes (AC) 0/10mm are produced at a semi-industrial scale for a combination of 3 recycling cycles, 3 production processes (hot, warm with additive and warm with foamed bitumen) and 2 recycling rates (40 and 70%). This combination is completed by a cycle without recycling for the 3 production processes, giving a total of 21 modalities. Compactibility, water sensitivity, stiffness modulus and fatigue tests are performed on the 21 AC produced. A principal component analysis (PCA) is then performed on the set of data obtained to extract the main trends.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:43:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899422</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>International evaluation of the performance of Warm Mix Asphalts with high Reclaimed Asphalt content</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Task Group 2 of the RILEM Technical Committee 264-RAP on non-cold recycling identified the need to gather some insights about possible durability issues associated with the combination of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) in order to prioritize the characteriza-tion or research needs for relevant damage types. For this purpose, an interna-tional inter-laboratory testing program was launched in 5 different laboratories. This was developed on the basis of the challenges which a road material de-signer commonly faces: reduce the temperature, add RA, but preserve the same properties. Each laboratory characterized, according to its internal protocol, two variations of the same type of mixture (similar grading curve, binder content, etc.): a Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) without RA taken as reference and a WMA with 40% RA. The performances of all the WMA with 40% RA are then com-pared in order to see if common trends emerge from the different characteriza-tion methods and reveal property issues specific to WMA+RA combinations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:38:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899324</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A review of thermal processes in the production and their influences on performance of asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures is considered as one of the best sustainable practices in the construction of transportation infrastructures. Extensive efforts have been made to design, produce, and evaluate RAP mixtures produced by the hot recycling technology in asphalt plants. However, the inconsistencies or contradictive conclusions regarding the performance of RAP mixtures reported in the literature impede the use of high percentage of RAP in asphalt mixtures. One of the knowledge gaps for the discrepant behaviors of RAP mixtures is the negligence of the influence of production thermal processes, e.g. mixing time, production temperature, silo storage temperature and time, etc., on the mechanical performance of RAP mixtures. In this context, this paper synthetically reviewed the fundamental thermodynamics and kinematics involved in the plant production of RAP mixtures and the corresponding numerical methodologies to quantify the thermal processes. Three prevailing numerical methods, including overall energy balance method, 1-D thermal-granular model, and coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method, are used to quantify the temperatures of hot gases, virgin aggregates, and RAP particles in the drum dryer. Then, the key production parameters that could influence the performance of RAP mixtures were identified based on the experimental studies. The review results from the experimental studies highlighted the importance of mixing time, mixture discharge temperature, and silo storage time on the mechanical performances of laboratory-produced and plant-produced RAP mixtures. The review findings from this study can be used to guide the best practice of the production of RAP mixtures and further contribute to the energy saving and sustainable construction of using RAP in asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:36:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enabling Dissimilar Joining of Coated Steels to Aluminum through
                    Impact Spot Welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1886285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Direct welding of coated steels to aluminum alloys is challenging due to high
                    energy requirements, decreased weldability, and unstable weld quality. The
                    present study reports the application of a new design approach in vaporizing
                    foil actuator welding (VFAW), where an asymmetric preform shape on the target
                    sheet generated the requisite standoff, enabling direct spot welding of a
                    typical automotive aluminum alloy (6022 T4) and two different zinc-coated
                    steels, galvanized high-strength low-alloy 350 and galvannealed dual-phase 590.
                    The use of the new approach enabled for the first time the ability to spot weld
                    through coating without any preweld surface preparation. Characterization using
                    lap-shear and peel testing revealed strong joints for both the weld pairs (AA
                    6022 T4-HSLA 350 and AA 6022 T4-DP 590). The weld interface characterized by
                    scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a hierarchical structure and the
                    presence of a typical wavy region.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Dec 2021 11:53:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1886285</guid>
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