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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Combustion Characteristics and Performance of a Multi-Cylinder Engine Operating on Syngas/Diesel in Dual-Fuel Mode</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite improvements in internal combustion engine efficiency, fossil fuel reliance remains a challenge for sustainable energy. Syngas, a hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture produced from gasification, typically of carbon-based feedstocks, offers a viable transitional fuel due to its compatibility with existing combustion technologies and reduced emissions. However, its low ignition propensity elevated intake temperatures or pressures, a limitation that can be overcome through diesel pilot injection in dual-fuel engine configurations.This study extends prior single-cylinder research to a 1.6 L four-cylinder HCCI engine operating in dual-fuel mode, resembling a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine. The analysis focuses on cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation, thermal efficiency, and pollutant emissions, with particular emphasis on the influence of diesel pilot injection timing. Experimental evaluations are conducted across a range of injection timing and Syngas flow rates (100 to 160 L/min). Key metrics include ignition delay, heat release rate, maximum pressure rise rate, coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure, and pollutant emissions.Results indicate that diesel pilot injection timing significantly affects combustion phasing, heat release dynamics, and overall engine efficiency. Advancing or retarding the injection timing alters ignition delay and heat release characteristics, with optimal settings improving Syngas utilization and reducing particulate emissions. These findings highlight the importance of injection strategy optimization for realizing the full potential of Syngas in multi-cylinder engines, supporting their integration into cleaner and more efficient propulsion systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Sep 2025 11:12:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600397</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Techno-Economic Analysis of an Integrated E-Methanol Production Plant Utilizing First and Second Generation Biomass Resources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment (TEA) of an integrated e-methanol production system building upon previously published foundational research utilizing Aspen Plus modeling for e-methanol production from sugar cane and sugar beet biomass. The established integrated system converts biomass into ethanol through fermentation and synthesizes e-methanol using both captured CO2 and syngas derived from biomass residue gasification. This approach maximizes CO2 and biomass utilization, promoting a circular carbon economy. The TEA quantifies capital expenditures (CAPEX), operational expenditures (OPEX), and levelized costs of Methanol (LCOM), providing a detailed economic analysis of the potential for commercializing e-methanol. A sensitivity analysis evaluates the impact of feedstock prices and Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), identifying key leverage points affecting financial viability. The study aims to explore the potential of utilizing existing agricultural infrastructure for sugar cane and sugar beet to minimize setup costs and expedite market readiness. The system’s capacity to reduce carbon emissions significantly aligns with global sustainability goals. This study provides strategic recommendations for scaling e-methanol production and improving its economic viability in the renewable energy sector. The sensitivity analysis particularly aids in developing robust strategies to mitigate risks associated with economic and market fluctuations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 10:45:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571678</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Hydrogen Production Process by Photothermal-Driven
          Sludge-Coal Thermochemical Synergistic Conversion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2505936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the amount of industrial sewage sludge awaiting treatment has                     continued to rise steadily, posing serious risks to human health and the                     ecological environment if mishandled. This study proposes a photothermal-driven                     supercritical water co-gasification of sludge-coal thermochemical synergistic                     conversion system for efficient hydrogen production. The main feature is that                     the medium-low temperature exothermic heating method uses concentrated solar                     energy to provide reaction heat for the co-gasification process. This approach                     synergistically converts solar energy into syngas chemical energy while meeting                     the heat demand of the co-gasification hydrogen production process. The results                     show that this co-gasification system for hydrogen production can achieve an                     energy efficiency of 56.82%. The sensitivity analysis shows that the molar flow                     rate of hydrogen increased from 44.02 kmol/h to 217.51 kmol/h as the                     gasification temperature increased from 500°C to 700°C. The concluded that the                     increase in temperature is favorable for the preparation of hydrogen. When the                     gasification pressure is increased from 230 bar to 310 bar, the molar flow rate                     of hydrogen decreases from 166.06 kmol/h to 138.09 kmol/h. The concluded that                     the gasification pressure does not have much effect on the preparation of                     hydrogen. The hydrogen yield increases continuously as the ratio of dry coal to                     dry sludge rises from 1.5 to 3. Under the same dry coal to dry sludge ratio, the                     hydrogen yield increases with the rise in total moisture content. Through the                     above research, the multi-energy complementary method of photothermal-driven                     sludge-coal thermochemical synergistic conversion is clarified. This establishes                     a novel approach that achieves both clean treatment and resource utilization of                     sludge simultaneously.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Feb 2025 15:48:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2505936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Upcycling Coal Gasification Slag to Enhance the Self-Healing Performance of Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the extensive application of coal gasification technology, the production and storage of coal gasification slag continue to increase. Expanding the application scope of coal gasification slag is of positive significance for mitigating environmental pollution. Coal gasification slag has potential in the field of microwave-heated asphalt mixtures; however, there is limited research in this area. This study attempts to investigate the impact of utilizing coal gasification slags as fillers on the self-healing properties of asphalt mixtures. For this purpose, two different types of coal gasification slag in five ratios (within the range of <0.075  mm, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were used to replace limestone filler (LF) for preparing the Marshall test samples. Firstly, the micromorphology, chemical composition, and microwave absorption properties of LF, coarse slag (CS), and fine slag (FS) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence tests, and electromagnetic measurement. Afterward, an infrared camera examined the microwave-heating behaviors of different asphalt mixtures under microwave irradiation. Furthermore, semicircular bending fracture–healing–fracture tests were carried out to evaluate the self-healing properties of the asphalt test samples. Finally, the economical aspects were calculated by the cost analysis. Results indicated that CS and FS exhibited excellent microwave absorption performance. However, the excessive use of CS or FS could potentially weaken the thermal diffusion behavior of asphalt mixtures. Moreover, the microwave-heating capacity and self-healing properties of asphalt mixtures containing coal gasification slag were improved compared to typical specimens. It was possible to find that 50% CS or 40% FS could be considered as the suitable alternative because this rate obtained excellent microwave-heating efficiency, while significantly increasing the self-healing ratio. Moreover, the statistical results demonstrated significant differences in microwave-heating capacity and self-healing properties between CS and FS asphalt mixtures. And the results of cost analysis showed that the utilization process can lead to substantial economic advantages. In general, this study proves the feasibility of utilizing coal gasification slag as a microwave absorber to accelerate the efficiency of microwave healing of asphalt mixture. This finding provides a new methodology for consuming coal gasification slag, enabling the reuse of waste resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 11:08:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Study of Catalytic Methanation Reactions Using a Kinetic Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437210</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Even if huge efforts are made to push alternative mobility concepts, such as, electric cars (BEV) and fuel cell powered cars, the importance and use of liquid fuels is anticipated to stay high during the 2030s. The biomethane and synthetic natural gas (SNG) might play a major role in this context as they are raw material for chemical industry, easy to be stored via existing infrastructure, easy to distribute via existing infrastructure, and versatile energy carrier for power generation and mobile applications. Hence, biomethane and synthetic natural gas might play a major role as they are suitable for power generation as well as for mobile applications and can replace natural gas without any infrastructure changes. In this paper, we aim to understand the direct production of synthetic natural gas from CO2 and H2 in a Sabatier process based on a thermodynamic analysis as well as a multi-step kinetic approach. For this purpose, we thoroughly discuss CO2 methanation to control emission in order to maximize the methane formation and minimize the CO formation and to understand the complex methanation process. We have considered an equilibrium and kinetic modelling study on the NiO-SiO2 catalyst for methanation focusing on CO2 derived SNG. In this work, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of CO2 hydrogenation is preformed to define the optimum process parameters followed by the kinetic simulations. Further, the simulations can be performed at various conditions, for example, catalyst mass, mass flow, pressure, temperature etc. to optimize the methanation process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Oct 2024 14:49:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437210</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combustion and Emissions Performance of Simulated Syngas/Diesel Dual Fuels in a CI Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2018310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Small diesel engines are a common primer for micro and mini-grid systems, which can supply affordable electricity to rural and remote areas, especially in developing countries. These diesel generators have no exhaust after-treatment system thus exhaust emissions are high. This paper investigates the potential of introducing simulated synthetic gas (syngas) to diesel in a small diesel engine to explore the opportunities of widening fuel choices and reducing emissions using a 5.7kW single cylinder direct injection diesel generator engine. Three different simulated syngas blends (with varying hydrogen content) were prepared to represent the typical syngas compositions produced from downdraft gasification and were injected into the air inlet. In-cylinder pressure, ignition delay, premixed combustion, combustion stability, specific energy consumption (SEC), and gaseous and particle emissions were measured at various power settings and mixing ratios. Particle size distributions (PSD) were measured by DMS500, and gaseous emissions were measured by the HORIBA MEXA7100 series. The correlations between combustion and emission performance and mixing ratios and substitution ratios were investigated. Dual fuel operation led to a decrease in diesel consumption, thermal efficiency, NOx, and NO emissions and an increase in THC and CO emissions. For all dual fuel tests, a reduction in the total particle number concentration (TPNC) was noted while the particle size distribution curves remained unchanged relative to diesel baseline data at all engine loads except for 30%. At 30% engine load, the change in the particle size distribution curves was dependent on the syngas blend used. The syngas with the highest hydrogen content showed superior combustion performance relative to the other syngas blends evaluated due to shorter ignition delay times and higher maximum in-cylinder pressure values, thus producing lower THC and CO emissions, but higher NOx emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Sep 2022 15:26:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2018310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid Simulation of Structure-Pipe-Structure Interaction within a Gas Processing Plant</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760242</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Though often overlooked, the impact of seismic transient ground deformation on natural gas (NG) pipes can be highly adverse. Particularly, pipe elbows may undergo excessive in-plane bending demand and buckling. In this paper, a critical scenario of a pipe coupling two industrial structures typically found in an NG processing plant is studied. High strain and cross-sectional ovalization on the elbows are probable during an earthquake due to the out-of-phase oscillation of the two structures imposing asynchronous displacement demands at the two pipe ends. A parametric study was first performed to investigate various structure-pipe-structure configurations that increase seismic demands to pipe elbows. Simultaneous mobilization of divergent oscillation between two supporting structures at the low-frequency range, a lower pipe-structure stiffness ratio, a shorter length of straight pipe segments in the linking pipe element, and a higher pipe internal pressure have led to the onset of critical strain demands in pipe elbows. To validate this observation, an experimental campaign was developed in which a full-scale linking pipe element was physically tested by means of hybrid simulation (HS). The study shows that the seismic interaction of the structures coupled with the pipe is nonnegligible and can even be critical for the integrity of the coupling pipe. The finding depends on the structural system’s dynamic and geometrical properties as well the frequency content of the earthquake excitation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2021 15:36:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760242</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selected Technical and Economic Comparisons of Synfuel Options</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is a comparative technical and economic assessment of selected synfuel technologies. It is a component part of a much larger study being conducted by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) on energy options. A key purpose of this study is to provide technical and economic comparisons among selected synfuel technologies which, to the extent possible, provides a background and basis which may assist the OTA in its policy deliberations. The synfuel technologies have been selected in consultation with and guidance from the OTA. They generically represent: oil shale production; direct and indirect coal liquefaction (including Mobil-M gasoline synthesis); and coal gasification (low, medium and high Btu) . The OTA Synfuels Advisory Board has been particularly helpful in providing for and reviewing information on these selected technologies, although by no means are they held accountable to or responsible for the study products. The study effort built upon earlier work which attempted to the extent possible to standardize the engineering, planning, and estimating base of many processes. These efforts, as described in Chapters 2 through 4, were modified and extended to include additional concerns such as upgrading concerns and plant cost escalation concerns. These standard or generic process units have been utilized, in conjunction with the assessment of site-specific planned/proposed synthetic fuel projects, to develop a set of alternate supply deployment scenarios. Two scenarios--a “business-as-usual” scenario, and an accelerated “pushing-the-limit”--have been developed in consultation with and direction from OTA staff.  Constraints and concerns affecting the scenario assessments have been discussed, as well as a discussion of the consequent labor needs. Supply site selection concerns, as well as end-use utilization concerns have also been identified. As specified in the Introduction (Chapter 1), the study scope was confined to an assessment of the technical and economic comparisons of the selected synfuel technologies. On-line guidance and direction was provided by the OTA in making “mid-stream” technical and economic choices in the study effort. No assessment or interpretation of the policy implications was conducted as that was strictly considered outside of study scope, design, and performance. Such policy concerns were reserved for the OTA, with its well-established and defined review procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Sep 2018 16:13:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE WITH COAL GASIFICATION SLAG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1284281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The thermal power generation is one of main generation of electricity in Japan. The fuels of thermal power generation are coal, oil and liquefied natural gas. While the price of coal is stabilized, the emission rates of CO₂ , SOx, NOx, dust and soot from coal fired power station are very large compared with other fossil fuels. Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle（IGCC）is new technology of coal fired power generation with low environmental impact. In IGCC, the gas is produced from the coal at the gasifier, and the electricity is generated by combined cycle. The coal gasification slag is collected from the gasifier in IGCC. In this study, the application of coal gasification slag to fine aggregate for concrete was investigated. Two types of coal gasification slag, which were original and grinded slag, were used for the tests. From the test results, the physical properties of coal gasification slag, especially grading and particle shape, were improved by grinding slag particle. Both original and grinded slag had no effect on the fresh properties of concrete when the substitution rate of slag was 25％. However, the substitution rate of slag was over 50％, slag concrete showed little tendency of segregation in spite of low water content. The air content of slag concrete was very low within a range of 1.1 to 1.4％. The strength properties of slag concrete were equal to or greater than concrete without slag when the substitution rate of original slag was less than 25％.高い発電効率を持つ石炭ガス化複合発電では、石炭灰がガラス状の石炭ガス化溶融スラグとして排出される。本研究は、石炭ガス化溶融スラグのコンクリート用細骨材への適用性について検討を行った。試験では、排出されたままの未処理スラグと磨砕処理を行った磨砕スラグの2種類を用いた。試験結果より、スラグを磨砕することで細骨材としての物理的性質は向上し、特にスラグ全体の粒度、粒形が改善されることが分かった。本研究で使用した2種類のスラグでは、置換率25％程度であればコンクリートの練上がり状態および強度特性に対して大きな影響は及ぼさなかったが、空気量はスラグの種類や置換率に関わらず、約1％の低い値を示した。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2014 16:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1284281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEMINAIRE INTERNATIONAL COMBUSTIBLES DE REMPLACEMENT, LIEGE, 25-27 MAI 1981. PROCEEDINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1033563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SOUS LE TITRE GENERAL SEMINAIRE INTERNATIONAL COMBUSTIBLES DE REMPLACEMENT, LES CONFERENCES SUIVANTES SONT REPRISES : L'EUROPE ET LA TRANSFORMATION  DES COMBUSTIBLES SOLIDES (DE GREEF,A); LE COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL DU CHARBON (JANS,P); ESQUISSE D'UNE NOUVELLE METHODE DE PRODUCTION DE GAZ DE SYNTHESE PAR GAZEIFICATION SOUTERRAINE DU CHARBON (LEDENT,P); STATUS OF COAL GASIFICATION WITH SPECIAL RESPECT TO THE DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY (VAN HEEK,K-H); LA GAZEIFICATION DU CHARBON.  ASPECTS ECONOMIQUES DES DIVERS PROCEDES  (RIBESSE,J).  ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES IN THE UNITED STATES (RUETHER,JA); SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF COAL (WILLIAMS,DF); LIQUEFACTION OF COAL IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY (FRIEDRICH,F AND STROBEL,B); LA DEVOLATILISATION DU CHARBON (CYPRES,R); TRAITEMENT DES SABLES ASPHALTIQUES (MARECHAL,J); LES COMBUSTIBLES DERIVES DE DECHETS (HEINE,CH); COMBUSTIBLES DE REMPLACEMENT : POSSIBILITES AU DEPART DES BIOMASSES VEGETALES (GABELLIERI,R); LA FERMENTATION METHANIQUE DES DECHETS AGRICOLES (AUBART,CH); ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COAL LIQUID REFINING (SIKONIA,JG, BENNETT,JR AND GEMBICKI,VA); TECHNICAL CONCEPTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS PLANTS BASED ON PARTIAL OXYDATION OF LIQUID AND SOLID HYDROCARBON FEEDSTOCKS (LEMBECK,H AND JUNGFER,H); INTEGRATION OF GAS-PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION PLANTS IN THE SASOL II "OIL FROM COAL" COMPLEX (SCHOLZ,W); LA METHANISATION DES GAZ DE TRANSFORMATION DU CHARBON (GERMAIN,A, PIRARD,JP ET CHEPPE,JP); METHANOL : RAW MATERIALS FOR GASEOUS FUELS (NEUKERMANN,H); CONVERSION OF  METHANOL AND SYNTHESIS GAS TO HYDROCARBONS OVER ZSM-5 (BRENNAN,JA, GARWOOD,WE, YURCHAK, S. AND LEE,W); METHANOL AND SYNTHETIC FUELS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ANDREW,S); LA SYNTHESE FISCHER-TROPSCH.  HISTOIRE, SITUATION ACTUELLE, DEVELOPPEMENTS (HAMMER,H); LE TRANSPORT D'OXYGENE PAR CANALISATIONS (TRONCHON,C); ASPECTS TECHNICO-ECONOMIQUES DU TRANSPORT, DE LA DISTRIBUTION ET DE L'UTILISATION DES COMBUSTIBLES GAZEUX SYNTHETIQUES (RIBESSE,J); UTILISATION DES CARBUROLS DANS LES MOTEURS (GUIBET,JC ET GATEAU,P); GAZ DE BOUES POUR MOTEURS DUAL-FUEL (JAMOULLE,A); LE GAZ DE GAZOGENE : COMBUSTIBLE DE SUBSTITUTION POUR MOTEURS A COMBUSTION INTERNE (MARTIN,J); LE METHANOL : COMBUSTIBLE DE SUBSTITUTION POUR MOTEURS A COMBUSTION INTERNE  (MARTIN,J ET PIRSON,J); VALORISATION OF VERY LOW CALORIFIC VALUE MATERIALS SUCH AS DUMP SHALES BY COMBUSTION IN FLUIDIZED BED AND STEAM PRODUCTION  (DENOISEUX,R); TRAITEMENT DES DECHETS MENAGERS DE LA REGION LIEGEOISE (ROCMANS,C); PROBLEMES SANITAIRES DE LA TRANSFORMATION DES COMBUSTIBLES DE SYNTHESE (RONDIA,D ET GOL-WINCKEL,R).  (VOIR EGALEMENT FICHES DIRR 117872 A  117876).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 16:08:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1033563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FONDATIONS SUR TERRILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1031009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[L'AUTEUR DECRIT DIVERS PROCEDES D'UTILISATION DE MATERIAUX CONSTITUANT DES TERRILS EN FONDATIONS DE BATIMENTS ; IL JUSTIFIE D'UN POINT DE VUE TANT TECHNIQUE QU'ECONOMIQUE, CHACUNE DES SOLUTIONS PROPOSEES ET PRECISE SON DOMAINE D'APPLICATION.  LA TECHNIQUE DECRITE DANS L'ARTICLE PEUT SERVIR DANS  L'ELABORATION DE SCHEMAS DIRECTEURS D'AMENAGEMENT DE BASSINS MINIERS COMME LE DONBASS.  (A).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 14:38:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1031009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Clean Coal: DOE Should Prepare a Comprehensive Analysis of the Relative Costs, Benefits, and Risks of a Range of Options for FutureGen. Testimony</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/886593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This statement discusses the U.S. Government Accountability Office's (GAO's) recent report on the Department of Energy’s (DOE) decision to restructure the FutureGen program. As requested, the testimony focuses on that report, which examined (1) the goals of the original and restructured FutureGen programs, (2) the similarities and differences between the restructured FutureGen program and other DOE carbon capture and storage programs, and (3) the extent to which DOE used sufficient information to support its decision to restructure the FutureGen program.  coal is currently the world’s leading source of electricity. Coal-fired power plants generate about one-half of the electricity used in the United States, as well as about one-third of the nation’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which contribute to climate change. In 2003, DOE initiated FutureGen—a program to design, build, and operate a commercial-scale, coal-fired power plant that incorporated carbon capture and storage (CCS) with integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), an advanced technology for generating electricity that has been deployed on a commercial scale at only two coal-fired power plants in the United States. In IGCC power plants, coal is gasified to produce a synthesis gas, consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and CO2. Then, in a process called precombustion CCS, the CO2 is removed and separated from the synthesis gas before the synthesis gas is burned in a combustion turbine to generate electricity. Through IGCC, electricity is generated more efficiently than through conventional pulverized coal-fired technology, the process most widely in use, because IGCC uses less coal to generate the same amount of electricity. The original FutureGen plant was to capture and store underground about 90 percent of its CO2 emissions. DOE’s cost share was to be 74 percent, and industry partners agreed to fund the rest. Concerned about escalating costs, DOE announced in January 2008 that it had decided to restructure FutureGen. In October 2008, DOE received a small number of applications for the restructured FutureGen; however, some of these applications were for proposals outside the restructured FutureGen’s scope. As we reported, DOE is currently assessing proposals received and stated it expected to announce a selection of projects by December 2008; however, as of the beginning of March 2009, it had made no decision. The overall goals of the original and restructured FutureGen programs are largely similar in that both programs seek to produce electricity from coal with near-zero emissions by using CCS, and to make that process economically viable for the electric power industry. However, the programs have different approaches for achieving their goals, which could have different impacts on the commercial advancement of CCS and, therefore, result in two largely distinct programs. DOE manages a portfolio of clean coal programs that research and develop CCS technology or demonstrate its application. Contrary to best practices, DOE did not base its decision to restructure FutureGen on a comprehensive analysis of factors such as the associated costs, benefits, and risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2009 14:59:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/886593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Increasing Security and Reducing Carbon Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: A Transformational Role for Coal with Biomass</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/883937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Air Force has set a goal to supply fifty percent of its CONUS (lower 48 United States) fuel requirements from domestic synthetic sources by 2016. One option for doing this is the production of liquid fuels from coal via gasification and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, a process known as coal-to-liquids (CTL). In addition, the Department of Defense (DoD) will require that providers of synthetic fuel practice carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions capture, sequestration or reuse/reform. Although CTL, when coupled with carbon capture and sequestration during fuel production, can limit CO2 emissions to a level approximately equivalent (+4% to -5%) to that of the existing petroleum-based fuel supply chain, the DoD wishes to explore options that will further improve its environmental performance by reducing the carbon footprint of the plant to be below that of a conventional petroleum refinery. The coconversion of coal and biomass to liquid fuels (CBTL) has been recently proposed as a possible option to accomplish this. The option to use various process (including algae) for reuse/reform of CO2 emissions with CTL/CBTL process has been proposed, but is not in the scope of this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2009 14:43:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/883937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bright sparks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/806027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes work at Shell's Thornton technology centre in Cheshire, UK to develop the fuels of tomorrow. Shell is working on three technology-based strategies for making energy greener. These involve developing new fossil-fuel options, removing carbon dioxide, and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix. One fossil-fuel option being developed is GTL (gas to liquids). GTL fuel is ideal for transport and is virtually free of sulphur and aromatics and has a high cetane number. It can be used by today's cars using today's infrastructure. Another fossil-fuel option is coal gasification. Methods for capturing and storing carbon dioxide are being investigated. These include carbon sequestration underground and mineralisation. Shell is developing biofuels in collaboration with Iogen, which specialises in cellulose ethanol, and Choren, which is developing a process that produces synthetic gas from biomass.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2008 10:21:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/806027</guid>
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      <title>Hydrogen Infrastructure Transition Model and Its Application in Optimizing 50-Year H2 Infrastructure for Urban Beijing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/777156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the on-going Hydrogen Infrastructure Transition (HIT) modeling efforts with the Beijing case study. HIT uses dynamic programming to generate optimal temporal and spatial decisions on when, where, at what sizes and by what technologies to build up a hydrogen infrastructure over time for a given region with a minimum discounted value of costs, environmental savings and travel time disbenefits.  In the Beijing case study, we use the 380 kilometer (km) Beijing urban expressway network for spatial representation and 2010~2060 as the study period. We relied on Beijing Master Plan, demographic projection and traffic data in estimating spatial distribution and temporal growth of hydrogen demand. We find that the average travel time per refueling trip is 2 minutes with 50 optimally located stations, and 1 minute with about 100 stations. Due to spatial traffic variation, nodes with multiple stations coexist with nodes without any station in the optimal configuration. The pipeline length is minimized using spanning tree algorithm, which generates a minimum total length of about 350km including the estimated 200km pipeline from the coal plant. Gaseous pipeline hydrogen-based fueling station, natural gas steam reforming onsite station, water electrolysis onsite station, water electrolysis central plant and coal gasification central plant (with and without carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration) are identified as the 6 potential facilities. The model incorporates station module expansion, switch from onsite station to refueling-only station, upgrade with CO2 sequestration capability for central plant, technology improvement, and availability of by-product hydrogen from regional chemical industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Mar 2006 10:49:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/777156</guid>
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