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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on the intrinsic mechanism and adhesion performance mapping of block copolymer modified polyurethane prepolymer (M-PPU) modified asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To enhance the integrated performance of green, low-carbon, and high-performance polyurethane-modified asphalt, hydrogenated styrene block copolymers were introduced into a polyether-based polyurethane prepolymer (PPU) to prepare a novel modifier, block copolymer modified polyurethane prepolymer (M-PPU) capable of forming an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure within asphalt. A multiscale adhesion performance evaluation system covering macroscopic, microscopic, and nanoscale levels was established to reveal the structural evolution and interfacial enhancement mechanisms of M-PPU modified asphalt. The preparation process was optimized based on softening point, ductility, and viscosity tests, determining 4 % as the optimal dosage. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and road performance tests verified the feasibility and effectiveness of IPN structure construction in asphalt. Results from the boiling method, the contact angle test based on surface free energy (SFE) theory, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed that M-PPU significantly improved water-stripping resistance by enhancing interfacial adsorption and the uniformity of coverage, exhibiting a characteristic "flexible–rigid functional domain synergistic enhancement" structure. This study clarified that M-PPU improved the interfacial performance of asphalt through a multiscale mechanism involving chemical structure design and segmental network coordination, providing theoretical support for both the functional design of high-performance road materials and the evaluation of their interfacial adhesion properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 09:23:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595277</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF THE CHARGE PROPERTY AND COAGULATION-DISPERSION BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTENES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1689413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphaltenes interacted with resin components are dispersed in the oil component. When deterioration due to oxidation proceeds, these components form networks that disturb fluidity of asphalt binder. Asphaltenes have surface charges derived from their own functional groups, and the charge property of asphaltenes can affect the formation of asphaltene network. In this study, changes in charge property and coagulation-dispersion behavior of asphaltene due to deterioration were examined. The asphaltene of StAs coagulated at around pH4 and dispersed at high pH. Also, the zeta potential changed depending on pH. On the other hand, asphaltene of aged and recycled asphalt did not have significant coagulation state regardless of pH. The absolute values of the zeta potential of these asphaltenes were higher than that of StAs. It was suggested that this was caused by the increase of carbonyl functions due to degradation by oxidation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2020 17:31:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1689413</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation on particle number emission from diesel engine with bipolar discharge coagulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1606693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A self-made wire-to-cylinder bipolar discharge apparatus was employed on a 4-cylinder diesel engine to evaluate the effect of discharge voltage on particle emissions. An engine exhaust particle sizer was used to analyze the particle number distribution and the filter efficiency of diesel particulate filter. Emission characteristics such as particle number distribution, total particle number concentration and count mean diameter at different discharge voltages were evaluated. Filter efficiencies of diesel particulate filter at 0 and 10 kV were also determined. The results showed that particle number concentrations within the range of 6.04–93.1 nm decreased, while those within the size range of 93.1–220.7 nm increased. The reduction rate of particle number concentration and total particle concentration decreases with the increase in discharge voltage, while the count mean diameter increases. At 100% load, the average filter efficiency of the diesel particulate filter improved by 10% with increment in discharge voltage from 0 to 10 kV, and also increased by 15% within the size range of 6.04–16.5 nm. The test results showed that bipolar discharge coagulation could reduce the total particle number concentration, and also enhance the count mean diameter and filter efficiency of diesel particulate filter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2019 09:20:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1606693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Creation of Favourable Water – Physical Properties of Drill Cuttings with the use of Coagulants</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The negative physical properties of drilling cuttings are caused generally by the presence of large amounts of exchangeable sodium. Its sources are boring solutions with the use of caustic and soda ash and also the saline rocks extracted in the process of drilling. Drilling cuttings have lack of structure and swelling in the wet state, adhesiveness, low water mobility, reduced air exchange, a high hydrophylicity, lack of filtration capacity. In addition to these physical properties drilling cuttings are characterized by a number of the negative chemical properties, in particular, a high alkalinity and the presence of easily soluble toxic salts of sodium, the lack of exchangeable calcium and magnesium. The following properties make absolutely impossible the use of drilling cuttings in road construction, and also taking into acoount their restoration. Application of a number of natural coagulants such as (gypsum, diatomite, quicklime, etc.) And the waste of the industrial activity (a phosphogypsum, carnallite, sludge formed during the purification of the surface and underground water) radically improves physical properties of drilling sludge and provides multiple increase in filtration capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jun 2017 14:03:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cement Setting Is Not Just Smooth Anymore: Insight from the Physics of Jamming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A wide variety of fluid systems including organic liquids, mineral melts, colloidal suspensions and granular materials, undergo a dynamical arrest transition when the temperature is lowered, or the density is increased, or the applied stress is decreased. This is known as the glass transition in the first case and as the jamming transition in two latter cases. The purpose of this paper is to show that the coagulation and the setting of cement pastes share with these systems several key attributes which bring them under the same umbrella.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2015 16:20:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RHEOLOGICAL MODELING FOR CONCENTRATED FLOCCULATED SUSPENSIONS CONSIDERING THE EFFECT OF PRIMARY PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1351645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rheology of fresh concrete is strongly dependent on the rheology of cement paste. Due to the coagulation or flocculation, cement paste shows complex non-Newtonian behavior such as yield stress, thixotropy and so on. For coagulated suspensions, a lot of rheological models based on fractal concepts have been proposed. The authors have adopted the rheological model for concentrated and flocculated suspension proposed by Chougnet, et al., in combination with the breakup model of flocs in a shear field developed by Muhle and the viscosity model proposed by Mills. In this study, the effect of primary particle size distribution（PSD）on the fluidity of suspensions was established based on the rheological model. The viscosity of concentrated suspensions was determined by the effective volume fraction of flocs and the random packing fraction. The effective volume fraction was estimated by the balance between the coagulation due to attractive interparticle forces and the fracture in the shear field with the fractal concept. The random packing fraction was calculated from the primary particle size distribution using the random packing model for multi-component particles proposed by Suzuki et al. Considering the random packing fraction, mean diameter from the PSD and the fractal dimension for each suspension, the model predictions were in good agreement with experimental flow curves with various PSDs.セメントペーストなど凝集性のサスペンジョンは複雑な流動挙動を示す。著者らはその粘性を予測するために、フラクタルな凝集体の形成と破壊に基づくレオロジーモデルを検討してきた。本研究では、試料ごとの粒子充填率の変化を鈴木らのランダム充填モデルから求め、その変化を粒度分布の影響として粘度発現モデルに組み込むこととした。また、粒度分布より得られる平均粒径を用いて、DLVO理論、水和力の考慮より粒子間力を算出した。モデル中の比例係数Kについては、粒度分布より求められるランダム充填率と平均粒径を用いて決定した。その結果、フラクタル次元を適切に推定することで、その流動挙動を予測できることを示した。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2015 16:14:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1351645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Testing of Coagulants to Reduce Stormwater Runoff Turbidity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1311876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On December 1, 2009, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a rule in the Federal  Register establishing non-numeric and, for the first time, numeric effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs). The  numeric ELGs included a turbidity limit of 280 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and sampling  requirements for stormwater discharges from construction sites that disturb 20 or more acres of land at one  time. At that time, the EPA required Texas to implement these new requirements when the Texas  Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) renewed their Texas Construction General Permit (CGP) in  2013. Due to litigation regarding the initial numeric ELG implementation, the EPA put numeric ELGs on  hold in 2011 and on April 13, 2013, proposed to withdraw the numeric ELG as a requirement. This project was initiated in 2010 to prepare the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for changes to the CGP regarding the monitoring and sampling of their construction site to meet the anticipated numeric ELG requirements. The scope of the project was modified due to EPA’s actions. However, in light of anticipated future numeric limits, the project’s monitoring and testing experiments proceeded to 1) determine “typical turbidity” representative of TxDOT’s construction site discharges, 2) collect performance data on innovative erosion and sediment control measures that might be expected to achieve the discharge standard, and 3) provide update to TxDOT’s Stormwater Managements Guidelines for Construction Activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2014 09:41:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1311876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Polyacrylamide Use for Sediment Reduction in Construction Site Stormwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1311226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sedimentation basins are used to collect runoff from construction sites and reduce the amount of sediment transported to local water bodies. Chemical coagulants are used to increase sedimentation efficiency rates in a variety of water and wastewater treatment processes. Laboratory studies were conducted using anionic and cationic polyacrylamides as well as alum to evaluate efficiency on sediment pond performance. Tests of total suspended solids, total solids, and turbidity were conducted. Laboratory studies of various coagulants demonstrated the potential to reduce turbidity by an additional 25-35%. A protocol was developed for the selection of proper coagulants for field testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2014 09:41:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1311226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishment and Analysis of Congelation Fault Tree for Crude Oil Transportation Pipeline</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275102</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wax crystal in waxy crude oil precipitates gradually with temperature drop after shutdown. Congelation accident occurs and leads to heavy losses when the oil forms an intense structure. It is necessary to conduct identification of congelation risk, analyze various influencing factors of congelation accident and establish the fault tree of congelation risk for the pipeline operation safety. There are two immediate causes influencing congelation failure. One is the pipeline flux cannot be stable in limited time after restarting and the other is the restarting pressure is greater than the maximum allowed operation pressure of the pipeline. Taking the "congelation failure" as top event, and also combining with the influencing factors of pipeline failure, the fault tree was established in the paper. On the basis of the minimal cut sets principle, qualitative analysis of the fault tree was conducted. Therefore the main factors of pipeline failure are obtained, including low throughput in operation, low supporting pressure capacity of pipeline, wax deposition on pipe wall and overlong shutdown time. Finally, based on the above mentioned elements, some improvement measures can be provided to guide and support for better accident treatment, planned overhaul and scientific management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2014 09:44:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275102</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinetics of Electrocoagulation of Hexane Extractable Materials in Artificial Bilge Water Treatment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research on the electrocoagulation (EC) of hexane extractable materials (HEM) has been conducted at the University of New Orleans using a commercial bench-scale EC reactor. A series of EC experiments were performed using a synthetic emulsion with a HEM concentration of approximately 700 mg/L-1. It was confirmed that EC of HEM follows first-order kinetics, and kinetic constants of 0.0441 s-1 and 0.0443 s-1 were obtained from applying both the dispersion and tanks-in-series (TIS) models, respectively. In both cases, R2 was 0.97. Also, the TIS model indicated that each cell of the EC behaves as an independent continuous-stirred tank reactor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 13:07:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing Turbidity of Construction Site Runoff: Coagulation with Polyacrylamide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1129139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing a nationwide standard for turbidity in construction site runoff. It is widely expected that conventional measures for erosion and sediment control cannot meet this standard; consequently, innovative practices for managing sediment on construction sites must be developed. One emerging practice is the use of polyacrylamide (PAM) to improve sediment control by promoting flocculation of particles in runoff. Effective use of this practice requires an understanding of how the properties of soil and PAM affect flocculation. The objective of this study was to develop such an understanding. A protocol for creating modified synthetic stormwater runoff from soil samples was developed, and synthetic runoff suspensions were created with soil from six Texas construction sites. Particle size distribution was used to compare the synthetic runoff suspensions with grab samples of stormwater from one site. Flocculation tests were performed on the synthetic runoff suspensions with PAM doses ranging from 0.03 to 10 mg/L. The polymers used included anionic PAMs of 0% to 50% charge density and 0.2 to 14 Mg/mol molecular weight and one copolymer. A neutral PAM and the copolymer were the most effective in reducing the turbidity of all the synthetic runoff suspensions below 200 nephelometric turbidity units at doses of 10 mg/L. Hardness tests indicated interparticle bridging to be the bonding mechanism. The high-molecular-weight (HMW) anionic PAMs were effective on only two of the six synthetic runoff suspensions. As the charge density of these HMW PAMs increased, their effectiveness decreased.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2012 07:16:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1129139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Particle Destabilization in Highway Runoff to Optimize Pollutant Removal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/806492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sedimentation column studies and simulations using particle size distribution suggest that low removal efficiencies of smaller particles in highway runoff would be obtained using sedimentation if coagulation-flocculation is not performed. Coagulation-flocculation studies, using metal salts (alum and ferric chloride) and one organic polymer in three molecular weights, were evaluated over the 2004?2005 storm seasons. Only the first flush or approximately the first hour of runoff was coagulated. Efficiencies were quantified with particle size distribution measurements and turbidity. Results with low dosages of metal salts were ineffective and did not improve water quality. High dosages of metal salts using a sweep floc mechanism were effective in dramatically lowering runoff turbidity, but resulted in large quantities of sludge production and required pH control. A cationic organic polymer at low dosages (<10 mg/L) was effective in coagulating highway runoff and reducing particle charge. Extended mixing time was required to achieve low turbidities (~5 NTU). A combination of organic polymer, followed by small doses of alum (<10 mg/L), reduced mixing time and produced high quality effluent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 2007 07:26:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/806492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Small-Scale Studies on Low Intensity Chemical Dosing (LICD) for Treatment of Highway Runoff</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/784348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall goal of this project was to determine the feasibility of low intensity chemical dosing (LICD) for improving highway storm water runoff quality in the Lake Tahoe Basin. A primary objective was to identify promising coagulant chemistries for turbidity and phosphorus reduction that could be tested further in small-scale and full-scale pilots. This project combined literature reviews, laboratory studies (charge titration and jar test experiments using synthetic and actual storm water runoff) and settling column studies to assess treatment performance and feasibility. The goal of this effort was to test a broad range of coagulants (which represent a broad range of chemistries) and determine their overall effectiveness and their robustness to variations in environmental and operational factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jul 2006 14:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/784348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CALTRANS LAKE TAHOE STORM WATER TREATMENT PILOT PROJECT : JAR TEST RESULTS AND SUMMARY REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748365</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document presents the results of jar tests, as well as a summary report, for the Lake Tahoe Small-Scale Storm Water Treatment Pilot Study. The objective of the Jar Testing Study was to identify and select the most promising coagulants for use in the subsequent Pilot Study. The objective of the Pilot Study was to test the effectiveness of the selected coagulant and doses as a method for treating roadway storm water runoff such that the quality of storm water discharges meets specific standards. This document presents results from three sets of laboratory-scale jar test experiments using the most promising coagulants. The first set of experiments measured turbidity reduction; the second set of tests evaluated coagulant performance based on a variety of water quality parameters; and, the third set of tests studied storm water phosphate removal. Contents:  v. 1, Final Report -- v. 2. Appendix G, Coagulant information -- v. 3. Appendix H, Mailed and e-filed laboratory reports]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Mar 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748365</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPACT OF STABILIZATION OF LOESS WITH QUICKLIME ON HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY WATER-SENSITIVE LOESS THROUGH THE ADDITION OF QUICKLIME (CAO) ARE DISCUSSED. RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS ARE GIVEN TO SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF THE MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL THROUGH THE ADDITION OF LIME. THESE INCLUDE THE MODIFICATION OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION (COAGULATION), MODIFICATION OF PLASTICITY, CHANGE IN COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS, AND INFLUENCING OF WATER ADSORPTION CAPACITY AND DEPENDENT STRENGTH PROPERTIES. ADDITION OF 3 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF CAO IMPROVES THE SOIL SO THAT A NEW AND BETTER CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL RESULTS. IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS RESULT BY USING LIME STABILIZATION. WHEREAS CONSTRUCTION WORK AS A RULE WOULD HAVE TO BE STOPPED DURING PERIODS OF RAIN, BUILDING ACTIVITIES CAN BE CONTINUED DURING SUCH PERIODS WHEN LIME IS USED. THE COST OF LIME STABILIZATION IS ONLY A FRACTION OF THE LOSSES WHICH RESULT FROM SUCH DELAY. USE OF LIME STABILIZATION HAS RESULTED IN AN INCREASE OF QUALITY, BUILDING PROGRESS, AND EFFICIENCY IN THE CASE OF THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION WORK DONE ON THE SECTION OF THE NORTHEIM- HANNOVER, AUTOBAHN. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:43:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122489</guid>
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