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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The Strength Simulation of a Predeformed Design of a Hatch Cover of Open Car</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To ensure the strength of the hatch cover of a general-purpose open car under operating conditions of the load, it is proposed to sheathe with a smooth sheet, which has a convex configuration and preload. The hatch cover rails are filled with a viscous substance having damping properties. The strength analysis of the improved design of the hatch cover is carried out for the main schemes of its load under operating conditions, as well as additional ones. The maximum equivalent stresses arising in the hatch cover of an improved design under operational load conditions have been determined. It is established that the strength of the hatch cover is ensured. The results of the research can be used in the designing of new-generation cars with improved technical, economic and operational indicators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 09:01:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design of quadrilateral zero-Poisson's ratio metamaterial and its application in ship explosion-proof hatch door</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most structures with Zero Poisson's Ratio(ZPR) are two-dimensional structures, and three-dimensional zero Poisson's ratio structures are few. In this paper, a new three-dimensional zero Poisson's ratio structure was designed and applied to ship explosion-proof cabin doors. The proposed quadrilateral zero-Poisson's ratio structure exhibits zero-Poisson's ratio effect in both directions. The influence of geometric dimensions on the mechanical properties of the structure was analyzed by finite element software. The results show that with the decrease of B-bar length, the structural volume decreases, but the stiffness and strength increase. The maximum total deformation of the structure decreases from 3.58 mm to 0.14 mm. At the same time, the frame position of the structure also affects the mechanical properties of the structure. The results show that under the same external load, the stiffness and strength of the upper quadrilateral structure increase when the volume decreases, and the maximum value of total deformation differs by 44%. The designed quadrilateral zero Poisson's ratio structure was applied to the explosion-proof door, and compared with the foam aluminum door with the same quality. The results show that the strain energy of the core layer with zero Poisson's ratio was 5.6 times that of the aluminum foam core layer. Considering the clogging and sealing of the door body, zero Poisson's ratio structure is more suitable for the application of explosion-proof hatch doors on ships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 10:23:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transverse ultimate capacity of U-type stiffened panels for hatch covers used in ship cargo holds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1863003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ Due to cargo loads or weather loads above decks and elastic deformations of the ship’s hull, hatch covers will subject to transverse loads. However, the existing formulas for transverse ultimate capacity evaluation are not applicable to U-type panels due to a higher rotation constraint. This paper is to find an accurate evaluation method of transverses ultimate capacity for U-type stiffened panels, in order to know about its true safety margin. One hundred and five U-type stiffened panels are designed to cover the common scope of plate aspect ratio α and plate slenderness ratio β in hatch cover structures. Based on the nonlinear FE calculations, the critical factors are analyzed, and then a simple formula is proposed, which can be used to predict transverse ultimate capacity. At last, it is proved that the U-type stiffener will have a great influence on the light-weight design compared with common stiffeners of open profile.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2021 14:01:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1863003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Buckling/Plastic Collapse Strength of Hatch Cover of Bulk Carrier with U-beam Stiffener</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A hatch cover is not a primary strength member in ship structures. However, if the hatch cover collapses in rough sea, water ingress may happen into the cargo hold, which may result in severe casualty. From this point of view, it is very important to assess the strength of a hatch cover. In CSR (Common Structural Rules) specified by IACS (International Association of Classification Societies), formulas are given to estimate the buckling/ultimate strength of a top panel of a hatch cover. However, these formulas look not adequate. Therefore, in this paper, the CSR formulas regarding the hatch cover strength are assessed on the basis of eigenvalue and nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analyses. At the same time, alternative simple formulas are newly proposed modifying the existing simple formulas, and their applicability is demonstrated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Oct 2021 09:45:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultimate strength of U-type stiffened panels for hatch covers used in ship cargo holds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U-type stiffener is widely used in hatch cover design for cargo holds due to its easier fabrication, maintenance and painting. However, its ultimate strength evaluation method under axial compression is still unclear. The existing formula for ultimate strength evaluation of stiffened panel is not applicable to U-type stiffened panels of hatch cover with thinner deck plate, wider plate breadth between stiffeners, and longer stiffener span. This paper is to find an accurate method for evaluating ultimate strength of U-type stiffened panel for hatch cover. Based on extensive non-linear finite element (FE) results, a simple formula is proposed to evaluate the ultimate strength of the U-type stiffened panel under axial compression, which is well in agreement with the FE results and 30 model test results. At last, it is proved that the U-type structure will have a great influence on the lightweight design of hatch cover.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jul 2021 13:43:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on optimal design of hatch cover via a three-stage optimization method involving material selection, size, and plate layout arrangement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rising prices of materials for ship construction is one of the primary problems faced by global shipbuilding industries. A potential solution is to reduce the material cost through a structure optimization technique. In this study, the plate material and stiffener types, plate thickness, and plate layout are optimized in order to minimize the cost of materials. The genetic algorithm (GA) is a popular optimization technique for determining design variables. However, the GA is not suitable for dealing with continuously changing design variables, such as plate thickness. Hence, this study proposes a three-stage optimization method that consists of the optimization of plate material and stiffener types, plate thickness, and plate layout. The first and second stages are part of an integrated process called the hybrid GA, which starts with the plate material and stiffener-type selections, and then performs plate thickness optimization. The hybrid GA is effective in simultaneously determining design variables with different characteristics, such as the first - and second-stage problems. The last stage is layout optimization in which the plate material and stiffener types handled in the previous stage are considered to have been decided, thereby resulting in minimal effort during this stage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2020 10:05:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relating the Strength Capabilities of Children to the Design of School Bus Emergency Roof Hatches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1624559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[School bus emergency exits are regulated by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 217 which does not consider the strength capabilities of children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the strength capabilities of children to determine the optimal force specifications required to operate school bus emergency escape roof hatches. Force exertions were measured using test apparatuses built to replicate the operating mechanisms of the emergency escape roof hatch on a school bus. Force and torque exertions of 33 subjects in the first grade were measured using an emergency escape roof hatch knob. Forty two percent of the measured maximum push force exertions on the emergency escape hatch knob were less than the 89 newton minimum force requirement specified by FMVSS No. 217. Matching the operational requirements of emergency exits to the strength capabilities of children can help improve the overall effectiveness of the emergency evacuation system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jul 2019 16:32:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1624559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Load-Rating Procedure for Metal Culverts under Shallow Soil Covers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A research study was carried out recently in Ohio to evaluate the current method employed by Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) for load rating corrugated metal culverts installed under extremely shallow soil covers. In the study, six metal culvert structures were carefully selected, instrumented with sensors, and subjected to a series of static and dynamic live load tests. The field test data were analyzed to gain insight into how shallow-installation metal structures respond to live loading. The sensor readings were also used to compute thrust responses in the culverts. Then, the current ODOT load-rating procedure was applied to convert the live load to wall thrust. The thrust forces from the field tests and the calculations were compared. It was observed that the current ODOT procedure is very conservative, as the calculated thrust values were much higher than the field values for five of the six test structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2018 10:39:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on the Measurement Accuracy of Total Station and the Accuracy Control of the Structure in the Construction Site</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1457217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Generally, understanding shape deformation and the precise amount of three dimensional deformation at manufacturing processes is important in accuracy control. Since ships are very large products, three dimensional deformation measurements are very difficult to conduct during ship manufacturing process, and for that reason only few cases have been reported. In this study, a hatch cover is selected as a target structure and the three dimensional welding deformations observed in each manufacturing process. This study examined the measurement accuracy of the total station in the actual shipyard and impact factor to the measurement accuracy are examined. Moreover, the authors conducted tracking investigations on the deformation of the hatch cover due to the progress of the process, and the accuracy improvement methods are examined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 10:42:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1457217</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Assessment of In-cabin Noise and Vibration Transfer in a Hatchback</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1448721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[India, being the fastest growing economy, has an ever increasing demand for transportation leading to increased competition between the manufacturers. Boundaries of the various parameters were pushed for saving time to market and cost. Among these parameters, the in-cabin noise level plays a major role in defining the comfort of the passengers. This article assesses the in-cabin noise levels of one of the entry level vehicles from a manufacturer. The whole study was conducted in two parts. The first part involving overall measurement of the noise levels in the vehicle and the second part is to study the major noise transfer mechanism. An acceleration test was first conducted to study the overall noise level. Various test conditions are designed to predict the major contributor of the in-cabin noise as part of the second step. The major contributing factors are engine noise and road and tyre interaction noise. Tests were repeated to eliminate the road noise. Noise levels measured in the cabin show that the airborne noise is the major contributor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2017 09:38:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1448721</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of AHP and VIKOR Methods under Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Environment in Maritime Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to provide not only a hybrid theoretical methodology in multiple-attribute decision making problems but also a practical application in maritime transportation industry. The proposed hybrid approach integrates Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method into VlseKriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje, (VIKOR) technique under interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) environment. While AHP and VIKOR provides a comprehensive framework to solve multiple-attribute decision making (MADM) problems in maritime transportation industry, the IT2F enables to deal with much uncertainty during linguistic assessment of decision-makers. The proposed approach is demonstrated with a hatch cover design selection problem since it has utmost importance in structure of bulk carrier ships to prevent water ingress and protect cargo form the external damages. Besides its robust theoretical insight, the paper has practical contribution to the naval engineers, classification societies and ship owners who have difficulty in deciding appropriate hatch cover type during construction of the ship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2017 09:47:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441032</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>All secure? : hatch and custom door solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1402598</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 2016 10:20:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1402598</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design Considerations for GCLs in Leach Pad Liner Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1332551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lining systems over leach pads are typically made up of a geomembrane liner that is placed over a subgrade of locally available soil or compacted clay. Heap fills are constructed using a layer of a permeable drainage stone over the geomembrane with a perforated drainage pipe and then ore is placed on the leach pad. The ore is irrigated with a chemical solvent that dissolves the target metals from the ore and the nature of the leaching solution depends on the targeted metal. In order to reduce leakage through defects, a low permeability layer can be used beneath the geomembrane to form a composite liner system. The low-permeability material below the geomembrane is typically a compacted low-permeability soil liner or a bentonite clay-based geosythetic clay liner (GCL). The United States has used these systems for base liners and covers at solid waste landfills for over two decades. Because many leach pads have a combination of steep slopes and high normal stress, shear strength and heap stability is a major design consideration. This article discusses how GCLs are continually being used in leach pads because of their improved containment, the limited availability of find-grained soils at may mine sites, speed of installation and the reduced risk of cost overruns and construction delays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2014 09:28:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1332551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Inadequate Concrete Covers in a New Bridge Deck Using Ground Penetrating Radar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289239</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reinforced concrete cast in place deck of the SH114/SH170 Bridge near Roanoke, Texas, was recently completed. The bridge deck is 183 m (600 ft.) long and 12.2 m (40 ft.) wide with four spans. Due to possible construction errors, it was suspected that the concrete cover in the deck did not conform to drawings and specifications approved by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). So, a full scale non-destructive evaluation of the concrete covers in the deck surface was carried out using a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) equipment. A 2.6 GHz frequency ground coupled antenna was used with the GPR for increased data acquisition accuracy within the top portions of the deck. A total of 19 exploratory locations on the deck were identified using the GPR and were drilled to determine the actual clear covers. These results were used to calibrate the GPR readings for the concrete dielectric constant. Taking advantage of the rapid data collection ability of the GPR, the bridge deck was scanned and concrete cover values were determined from the radargram generated from the scan. The estimated covers were plotted on contour maps for each deck span, showing cover value distributions across the bridge deck. The results show that around 48% of the deck areas had inadequate concrete covers below the specified American Association of State highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) minimum value of 64 mm (2.5 in.). Moreover, some locations on the deck have excess clear cover ranging from 75 mm – 100 mm (3 in. to 4 in.). Based on the results, significant retrofitting of the bridge deck, such as additional overlay, is recommended before opening it to the traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2014 12:01:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289239</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reduction of Welding Distortion for an Improved Assembly Process for Hatch Coaming Production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The alignment between the hatch coaming top surface and hatch cover is essential to maintain hatch cover water tightness and smooth mechanical operation. An improved assembly process for hatch coaming production is proposed, in which the complete hatch coaming is assembled on the shop floor and then lifted as one part, fitted, and welded to the deck. When this complete hatch coaming is assembled to a ship deck, an irregularly distributed gap is usually found between the lower side of the hatch coaming and the deck. Fitting and welding distortion, in particular longitudinal and transverse shrinkage, influence the dimensional accuracy and consequently the production schedule. In this research, welding pass sequence of a fillet welded joint is improved using thermal elastic plastic analysis and welding distortion of the hatch coaming top surface is predicted using elastic analysis. First, three specimens with different gaps that model the welded joint between the hatch coaming and deck were welded and the changed distance between the measuring equipment and the flange was measured. A three-dimensional thermal elastic plastic finite element analysis was carried out for the same specimens and the computed welding distortion was shown to have good agreement with the measurements. As a result of the possible significant influence of welding pass sequence on transverse shrinkage of a fillet welded joint, the influence of welding pass sequence is studied using the computational approach and improved welding pass sequences are proposed to reduce transverse shrinkage. Finally, elastic analysis using inherent longitudinal and transverse shrinkage deformations evaluated by thermal elastic plastic analysis is used to predict welding distortion of the hatch coaming. In this elastic analysis, the influence of different gaps at different locations between the hatch coaming and the deck is considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Oct 2013 15:38:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265074</guid>
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