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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The Role of Vision Sensors in Future Intelligent Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1791446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The advancement in CMOS imaging sensors has enabled low-cost and high quality cameras that are making their way into future automobiles. Vision sensors can be deployed in a car to perform a variety of functions, including driver monitoring for workload management; passenger monitoring for intelligent airbag deployment; pedestrian and object recognition for precrash sensing; lane marker and roadway tracking for lane/roadway departure warnings; and general scene and object recognition to improve ACC/FCW/CA (adaptive cruise control / forward collision warning / collision avoidance) system robustness through sensor fusion. Possible system implementation and key performance requirements for vision sensors in these applications are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1791446</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Phase Change Memories in Smart Sensing Solutions for Structural Health Monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1940211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Smart devices for structural health monitoring provide edge computing capabilities to reduce wireless transmission and, thus, power consumption. Although effective algorithms have been proposed in the last few decades, traditional microcontrollers require heavy data flow between the memory and the central processing unit that involves a considerable fraction of the total energy consumption. Phase change memory has recently emerged as an attractive solution in the field of resistive nonvolatile memory for analog in-memory computing, which is a valid approach to avoid data being conveyed among distinct elaboration units. However, it has never been envisaged in structural health monitoring applications. As this technology is still in an embryonic state, several challenges related to nonlinearities and nonidealities of the memory elements and the energy expenditure related to the memory reprogramming process may undermine its usage. In this paper, the application of a novel identification approach for civil infrastructures is investigated using phase change memories. The main computational core of the presented algorithm, consisting of one-dimensional convolutions, is particularly suitable for implementations involving analog in-memory computing, thus showing the great potential of this technology for structural health monitoring applications. The test unit is an embedded phase change memory provided by STMicroelectronics and designed in 90-nm smart power bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (DMOS) technology with a Ge-rich Ge-Sb-Te alloy for automotive applications. Experimental results obtained for a viaduct of an Italian motorway support the efficacy of the method. Moreover, the influence of nonidealities on the outcomes of damage identification based on both dynamic and quasi-static structural parameters is examined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 09:19:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1940211</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A New Platform to Study the Correlation between Aging and SEE Sensitivity for the Reliability of Deep SubMicron Electronics Devices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1833258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The changes brought by the increasing integration density and the new technological trends have pushed the reliability at its limit. Safety analysis for critical system such as embedded electronics for avionics systems needs to take into account these changes. In this paper, the authors present the consequences on the deep sub-micron (DSM) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices concerning their single event effect (SEE) sensitivity. The authors also propose a new modeling method in order to address these issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Feb 2022 17:16:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1833258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Fault-Tolerant Processor Core Architecture for Safety-Critical Automotive Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of drive-by-wire systems into modern vehicles has generated new challenges for the designers of embedded systems. These systems, based primarily on microcontrollers, need to achieve very high levels of reliability and availability, but also have to satisfy the strict cost and packaging constraints of the automotive industry. Advances in VLSI technology have allowed the development of single-chip systems, but have also increased the rate of intermittent and transient faults that come as a result of the continuous shrinkage of the CMOS process feature size. This paper presents a low-cost, fault-tolerant system-on-chip architecture suitable for drive-by-wire and other safety-related applications, based on a triple-modular-redundancy configuration at the processor execution pipeline level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 11:04:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Generic Architecture for a Self-Powered Smart Sensor Interface in Avionic Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1432720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, we present a universal architecture for a reliable self-powered Smart Sensor Interface (SSI) in avionic applications.  The SSI module consists of data acquisition and signal excitation paths.  The power recovery unit harvests energy from data field bus to power up the SSI module entirely.  Using integrated CMOS technologies, the interface is flexible and configurable to be integrated with and fully controlled by Transducer Interface Module (TIM) introduced in IEEE1451 standard.  Employing data converters within the signal paths makes the SSI well suited for full digital control over specifications of the excitation signal and data processing algorithms.  The interface can be used along with various types of position sensors including legacy R/LVDT, MEMS-based and optical ones.  The analog parts of the SSI are implemented using IBM 0.13 µm CMOS process while its digital modules are realized in FPGAs.  The Power Conversion Chain (PCC) of the SSI is also presented and its complex components are modeled in Verilog-A using a top-down modeling approach.  The models make it possible to study over power transfer and distribution throughout the SSI.  Simulation results prove that the proposed power recovery scheme could procure and deliver significant amount of power to SSI which makes the structure self-powered.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 16:25:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1432720</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A High Performance Low Cost CMOS Radar for Advanced Driving Assistance Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors present a low cost, flexible digital radar operating at 76 GHz-77 GHz frequency band (global harmonized), supporting both short range and long range automotive radar applications, such as adaptive cruise control, blind spot detection, collision warning and mitigation, etc.. The highly integrated millimeter wave transceiver is built on 65 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process containing multiple transmit and receive chains operating in an array processing mode and supporting fully digital waveform generation and receive signal processing. While based on a standard low cost, low power CMOS process, the system also introduces an innovative packaging solution and novel antenna design that allow a viable, cost effective solution for mass vehicle market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:24:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A 250Mb/s CMOS Optoelectronic Transmitter and Receiver IC for Next-generation In-vehicle Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1425609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, optoelectronic transmitter and receiver IC for next-generation in-vehicle networks is designed and implemented using a standard omplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Despite of using a plastic optical fiber (POF) as a transmission medium, the next generation in-vehicle networks require wider bandwidth than the past one. To meet the bandwidth requirement, low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is preferred as an electrical interface. The transmitter and receiver IC can operate up to 250Mb/s of bit rates through a full optical link. -24dBm and -22.6dBm of optical sensitivities are respectively achieved for 10⁻⁹ and 10⁻¹² of bit error rate (BER) at 250Mb/s.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 10:00:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1425609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safe and Efficient Runtime Resource Management in Heterogeneous Systems for Automated Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors present a novel runtime resource management approach that obeys automotive safety constraints. The authors specifically target emerging heterogeneous embedded platforms which promise potential to ease the ever-growing gap between demanded processing power and feasible efficient em-bedded realization of modern assistance systems by allowing both, hardware and software implementations of automotive driver assistance tasks. The authors' approach proposes runtime concepts that are mandatory for efficiently utilizing those heterogeneous architectures, specifically taking into account hard automotive safety requirements. The authors' dynamic management is complemented by a fail-operational scheme that ensures permanent safe vehicle operation. For evaluation, the authors implement a modern heterogeneous embedded platform as both, an in-vehicle prototype platform using a near-series CMOS sensor and as hardware-in-the-loop prototype, concurrently executing two complex assistance applications, a traffic light recognition and a traffic sign recognition, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2016 16:16:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passenger/Pedestrian Analysis by Neuromorphic Visual Information Processing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1361360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The physiological studies since the Hubel and Wiesel’s experimentation of cat’s visual cortex have confirmed the consensus about the brain’s intelligence of visual perception. A new way of enhancing the safety of vehicle is proposed by employing the neuromorphic VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) or processing for mimicking the robust and natural intelligence of visual recognition, inspired by both the Hubel and Wiesel’s experimentation of visual cortex and the neurophysiological model of Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. The feasibility of neuromorphic system is demonstrated successfully for the robust recognition of human objects for the safety either in the car or on the road, evaluating the neuromorphic VLSI implementation based on the controlled CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) conductance for the bio-plausible performance. The neuromorphic visual information processing is developed for both applications of the driver/occupant analysis in the car and the human object detection on the road. The neuromorphic vision research was motivated by the status analysis of the human posture and safety apparatus for the innovation of the emergency rescue service dealing with the crash accidents, and extended its applications to the safety technology of assisting the vehicle drive by detecting nearby pedestrians or human objects. The overall performance is measured with the success rate over 90%, for both the pedestrian detection and the occupant monitoring, in day or night. The most of human object detections are based on the neuromorphic visual information processing using the still image from the video sensor, because of the limited sight condition. The appropriate use of orientation feature extraction and neural networks ensures the reliability of proposed neuromorphic visual information processing to perform well under various dynamic conditions, such as in the changing ambient light, in night time, or in wet weather which are inevitable for vehicles on the road. The detection of pedestrian or cyclist performs consistently in wide ranges of environment, evaluated in various times and places of Europe and Asia. The recognition of driver’s eye sight is proved as an added function within the framework of proposed neuromorphic system, to match the varying driver’s eye sight for controlling the eyeglassless 3D dashboard display. The same principle is applicable to detect any particular part or pose of human object, and the neuromorphic visual processing system can accommodate the enforced adaptation or learning as it mimics the natural brain. The neuromorphic coupled with neural networks, suggests it as the new feasible and robust device with the convergence of biological neural system and information technology, or as the cost effective and reliable device of vehicle’s safety enhancement by using the CMOS neuromorphic VLSI approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2015 17:09:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1361360</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Cost Object Detection RF CMOS Sensor Development for Active Safety Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1218683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A CMOS radar chip is designed with a newly proposed multi-beam spatio-temporal RAKE transceiver architecture that attempts to harness multi-path reflections to gather more information about the environment around the vehicle. The principle of operation and simulated and measured results from a 4-channel 24-26GHz 90nm CMOS prototype are presented. Correlated signals are converted to digital data streams using off-chip analog-to-digital converters for further processing (object recognition, scene reconstruction, etc.) in a digital signal processor that also is responsible for code generation and timing circuitry. This CMOS radar chip can be integrated in a low-cost vehicular sensor for applications including short-range object detection for blind-spot detection, side and rear impact sensing, parking assistance and pedestrian detection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2013 09:19:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1218683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>250Mb/s Fiber Optic Transmitter and Receiver ICs for Next-Generation Automotive Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, fiber optic transmitter and receiver integrated circuits (ICs) for next-generation automotive networks are designed and implemented using a standard CMOS technology. Despite using a plastic optical fiber (POF) as a transmission medium, the next generation automotive networks require wider bandwidth than the past one. To meet the bandwidth requirement, low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is preferred as an electrical interface. The fiber optic transmitter and receiver ICs can operate up to 250Mb/s of bit rates through a full optical link. -24dBm and -22.6dBm of optical sensitivities are respectively achieved for 10-9 and 10-12 of bit error rate (BER) at 250Mb/s.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2012 09:59:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bio-Inspired Neuromorphic Vision by CMOS Conductance for Intelligent Monitoring of Passenger Emergency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a system of neuromorphic vision which analyzes the passenger status in an  emergency situation for post management of an accident (e-POST). The system relies on the bio-inspired robust vision of visual cortex, tunable to the selective stimulus of orientation and movement. The CMOS spiking neurons by MOS transistors’ conductance are able to implement the bio-inspired neuromorphic vision sensors based on the visual cortex experimentation of Hubel and Wiesel. This approach is demonstrated by the robust object detection of particular visual shape features. The authors have evaluated the effectiveness of the  neuromorphic vision sensor by applying it to the occupancy and pose detection of passengers in the vehicle and the vehicle detection on the road, as well as the feasibility of analog-mixed CMOS VLSI implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 08:44:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D Vision Systems for Active Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/885551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an innovative approach for three-dimensional (3D) vision systems that can be used for the acquisition of 3D distance images and the corresponding 2D gray-scale images. Silicon imagers based on photonic mixer devices (PMD) are the key components. PMDs represent a new kind of active pixel sensors, fabricated in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. An entire 3D-scene can be monitored with a PMD camera.  PMD technology offers high potential for cost-effective automotive applications with respect to both active and passive safety, such an occupant detection systems. The first use of automotive PMD camera systems could be ready in 2004.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2009 07:18:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/885551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a New Tracking System Based on CMOS Vision Processor Hardware: Phase I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/885825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is well known that vehicle tracking processes are very computationally intensive. Traditionally, vehicle tracking algorithms have been implemented using software approaches. The software approaches have a large computational delay, which causes low frame rate vehicle tracking. However, real-time vehicle tracking is highly desirable to improve not only tracking accuracy but also response time, in some ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) applications such as security monitoring and hazard warning. For this purpose, this project proposes a hardware based vehicle tracking system for real-time high frame rate tracking. The proposed tracking algorithm is based on motion estimation by full-search block matching algorithm. Motion estimation is implemented in a hardware processor, which could significantly reduce the computational delay compared to traditional software approaches. In this project, the hardware processor is first designed and verified using Cadence software in CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) IBM 0.13μm technology, and then mapped to the Xilinx Spartan-3A DSP Development Board for quick implementation. Test results have shown the hardware processor functions correctly with sequences of traffic images. Also, the algorithms are designed to post-process the motion vectors output from the hardware processor to complete the overall vehicle tracking process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2009 15:02:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/885825</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emerging CCD-CMOS Technology: An Opportunity for Advanced in Vehicle Safety Sensors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passenger airbags are currently designed for the optimal support of a 50-percentile adult in a crash, reducing the risk of severe injury for a maximum range of occupants. However, such a fixed-level, high-energy airbag deployment can be extremely dangerous for very small occupants, for example the 5-percentile woman or children in infant seats. For this very reason, new standards such as FMVSS 208 (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208) include differentiated airbag deployment strategies according to occupant classification. IEE, Luxemburg, develops and manufactures such occupant classification systems. An example of these systems is the sensor mat made by IEE, which tier one automotive suppliers use globally for their seating systems. These mats measure the two-dimensional pressure profile in the seat area, and deliver these values for a pattern recognition algorithm as basis for occupant classification. An innovative development project, currently being conducted by the company, is an optical system which can provide three-dimensional information on the occupant, enabling highly differentiated classification. This system is projected to become commercial by 2007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 14:04:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813011</guid>
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